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Conducting Polymer‐Based e‐Refinery for Sustainable Hydrogen Peroxide Production
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanostructured Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7926-1283
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanostructured Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6602-7981
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2024 (English)In: Energy & Environmental Materials, E-ISSN 2575-0356, article id e12551Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Electrocatalysis enables the industrial transition to sustainable production of chemicals using abundant precursors and electricity from renewable sources. De-centralized production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from water and oxygen of air is highly desirable for daily life and industry. We report an effective electrochemical refinery (e-refinery) for H2O2 by means of electrocatalysis-controlled comproportionation reaction (2(H)O + O -> 2(HO)), feeding pure water and oxygen only. Mesoporous nickel (II) oxide (NiO) was used as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), producing oxygen at the anode. Conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) drove the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), forming H2O2 on the cathode. The reactions were evaluated in both half-cell and device configurations. The performance of the H2O2 e-refinery, assembled on anion-exchange solid electrolyte and fed with pure water, was limited by the unbalanced ionic transport. Optimization of the operation conditions allowed a conversion efficiency of 80%.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley-Blackwell, 2024. article id e12551
Keywords [en]
conducting polymer; hydrogen peroxide; nickel (II) oxide; oxygen evolution reaction; oxygen reduction reaction
National Category
Materials Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-191801DOI: 10.1002/eem2.12551ISI: 000932336900001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85147681332OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-191801DiVA, id: diva2:1737283
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 42022‐1Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, 2018.0058Swedish Research Council, 2016‐05990Swedish Research Council, 2019‐05577Swedish Research Council, 2021‐04427Vinnova, 2016‐05156
Note

Funding: Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems (Vinnova) [2016-05156]; Swedish Energy Agency [42022-1]; Swedish Research Council [VR 2021-04427, VR 2019-05577, VR 2016-05990]; Centre in Nanoscience and Technology (CeNano, Linkoeping Institute of Technology (LiTH), Linkoeping University, 2020, 2021); Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Advanced Functional Materials at Linkoeping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU) [2009-00971]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (H2O2) [KAW 2018.0058]

Available from: 2023-02-16 Created: 2023-02-16 Last updated: 2024-09-19Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Organic Materials-based Electrochemical Flow Cells for Energy Applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Organic Materials-based Electrochemical Flow Cells for Energy Applications
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

To meet the 2015 Paris Agreement requirement of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C, the transition from fossil fuels to renewables (solar and wind) necessitates a rapid change of the energy landscape. The decline of the price for electricity from solar panels and wind turbines is so fast over the last decade that green electricity competes economically with electricity generated from coal, oil, and gas. Considering the output from renewable energy sources is electric current, the conversion and storage of green electricity is the key to the paradigm shift. Both conversion and storage imply transformation of electrical energy into chemical energy of molecules. The former means production of multipurpose energetic molecules. Here such a molecule is hydrogen peroxide, a green oxidant, and our aim is to advance its electrochemical production. The latter is concerned with making the chemical energy readily transformable back into electricity in batteries. In electrochemistry, H-cells are usually used in screening materials and mechanistic understanding of relevant processes. However, the results of H-cell studies sometimes do not directly translate to upscaled systems, such as flow cells. Electrochemical flow cells are attracting attention due to the ability to decouple capacity and power, the long operation time, and the decreased diffusion layer thickness and ohmic resistance. Most flow cells today use inorganic materials, and they are expensive and based on unsustainable mining processes in some geographically concentrated regions. Organic materials, on the contrary, are cheap and readily designed via molecular engineering and electro-organic synthesis. In this thesis, organic materials-based flow cells will be constructed for energy conversion and storage studies.   

We start with making free-standing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films with a thickness >50 μm by vacuum filtration, which then are used in electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a H-cell. Due to some drawbacks listed above, we shifted our focus to flow cells. The cathodic generation of H2O2 is combined with oxygen evolution reaction (OER) using nickel (II) oxide (NiO) to explore the possibility of using a polymer material in a flow cell environment. This flow cell system could reach a faradaic efficiency of 80% and the system loss is analyzed from different angles. However, the OER is kinetically sluggish and would need precious catalysts to drive the reaction. Instead of turning to precious catalysts, we proposed to replace the OER in the device with the oxidation of a water-soluble organic molecule oxidation, 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid disodium salt monohydrate (tiron/BQDS). The tiron oxidation is fast and does not need a catalyst. The tiron transport phenomena are investigated and we find that migration—a less recognized player—has a big role in regulating tiron transport. The last part of the thesis introduces a biomass-based membrane made from cellulose for a tiron-based aqueous organic redox flow battery. The environmentally friendly nanocellulose membranes display reduced crossover of quinone redox couples, higher discharge capacity, and better reusability than the commercial fluoropolymer Nafion 115 membranes.   

We hope the present thesis, which deals with various aspects of flow cells from organic material design to system transport phenomena, will stimulate more people to work on this fascinating topic, paving the way for electrification of everything by tunable and sustainable organic molecules. 

Abstract [sv]

För att uppfylla kravet från Parisavtalet från 2015 om att begränsa den globala uppvärmningen till 1,5 °C, kräver övergången från fossila bränslen till förnybara energikällor (sol och vind) en snabb förändring av energilandskapet. Nedgången i priset för el från solpaneler och vindkraftverk har gått så snabbt under det senaste decenniet att grön el konkurrerar ekonomiskt med el från kol, olja och gas. Med tanke på att produktionen från förnybara energikällor är elektrisk ström, är omvandling och lagring av grön el nyckeln till paradigmskiftet. Inom elektrokemi används vanligtvis H-celler i screening av material och mekanistisk förståelse av relevanta processer. Men resultaten av H-cellstudier översätts ibland inte direkt till uppskalerade system, såsom flödesceller. Elektrokemiska flödesceller väcker uppmärksamhet på grund av förmågan att frikoppla kapacitet och effekt, den långa drifttiden och den minskade diffusionsskiktets tjocklek och ohmska resistans. De flesta flödesceller använder idag oorganiska material, och de är dyra och baserade på ohållbara gruvprocesser i vissa geografiskt koncentrerade regioner. Organiska material, tvärtom, är billiga och lättdesignade via molekylär ingenjörskonst och elektroorganisk syntes. I denna avhandling kommer organiska materialbaserade flödesceller att konstrueras för studier av energiomvandling och lagring.

Vi börjar med att göra fristående poly(3,4-etylendioxitiofen):poly(styrensulfonat) (PEDOT:PSS) filmer med en tjocklek > 50 µm genom vakuumfiltrering, som sedan används vid elektrokemisk framställning av väteperoxid (H2O2) i en H-cell. På grund av några nackdelar som anges ovan flyttade vi vårt fokus till flödesceller. Den katodiska genereringen av H2O2 kombineras med syreutvecklingsreaktion (OER) med användning av nickel(II)oxid (NiO) för att undersöka möjligheten att använda ett polymermaterial i en flödescellmiljö. Detta flödescellsystem kan nå en faradaisk effektivitet på 80 % och systemförlusten analyseras från olika vinklar. OER är dock kinetiskt trög och skulle behöva en ädelmetall som katalysatorer för att driva reaktionen. Istället för att vända oss till dyra kritiska råvaror som ädelmetall, föreslog vi att ersätta OER i enheten med oxidation av en vattenlöslig organisk molekyloxidation, 4,5-dihydroxi-1,3-bensendisulfonsyra dinatriumsaltmonohydrat (tiron/BQDS). Tironsoxidationen är snabb och behöver ingen katalysator. Fenomenen för transport genom membran undersöks och vi finner att migration – en mindre erkänd aktör – har en stor roll för att reglera transport. Den sista delen av avhandlingen introducerar ett biomassabaserat membran tillverkat av cellulosa för ett tjärnbaserat vattenhaltigt organiskt redoxflödesbatteri. De miljövänliga nanocellulosamembranen visar minskad korsning av kinon-redox-par, högre urladdningskapacitet och bättre återanvändbarhet än de kommersiella fluorpolymererna Nafion™️115-membran.

Vi hoppas att denna avhandling, som behandlar olika aspekter av flödesceller från design av organiskt material till systemtransportfenomen, kommer att stimulera fler människor att arbeta med detta fascinerande ämne, vilket banar väg för elektrifiering av allt genom avstämbara ochhållbara organiska molekyler.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. p. 78
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2373
National Category
Other Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-200563 (URN)10.3384/9789180755245 (DOI)9789180755238 (ISBN)9789180755245 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-03-01, K1 Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-01-30 Created: 2024-01-30 Last updated: 2024-02-05Bibliographically approved

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