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Energy Efficiency in the Residential, Service and Energy Sectors: Barriers, Drivers and System Studies
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6120-4766
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Increased energy efficiency is a prerequisite for achieving the national energy and climate goals, the goals set by the European Union, and the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations. Close to 40% of Sweden’s total energy use and approximately 20% of domestic greenhouse gas emissions are allocated to the residential and service sector. There is great potential for increased energy efficiency within the sector. Almost half of Swedish households are situated in multifamily buildings, where district heating is the predominant heating solution, as well as in service buildings.

This thesis uses a system perspective to explore energy efficiency work and end-use measures in an energy system, focusing on district heated regions that include combined heat and power production, and the residential and service sector, focusing on multifamily buildings and non-residential buildings. The research explores energy and climate goals in relation to the integration of the Sustainable Development Goals and potential barriers between organizations’ different objectives. In addition, the research focuses on barriers and drivers for energy efficiency. How type of ownership, size of the organization, and degree of urbanization can differentiate this work is also studied. Finally, the research explores potential conflicting objectives by studying energy end-use measures based on different system boundaries.

The results show that around 70% of organizations in the Swedish residential and service sector had integrated the Sustainable Development Goals. However, depending on ownership, the integration rate ranges from 60% in public organizations with predominantly rental properties to 77% in private organizations, and 84% in cooperative organizations with predominantly tenant-owned properties. Only 48% of the small organizations had integrated the goals, compared to 73% of medium-sized organizations and 90% of large organizations. 49% of organizations in rural areas had integrated the goals, compared to 63% in towns and suburbs, and 80% in cities. The results show different use of terminology and timelines, and conflicting objectives are seen as different system boundaries are applied. This may inhibit understanding and communication, and hinder integration.

Despite the need for energy efficiency, cost-efficient energy conservation measures are not always implemented. This is explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency. The perception of a lack of time or other priorities is the most hindering factor, along with the experience of a slim organization. On the other hand, the major drivers are reducing costs, followed by drivers of an organizational or behavioral nature. The results illustrate a challenging situation among publicly owned organizations, small organizations, and those in rural areas, as - relative to other groups - they experience barriers to a greater degree and drivers to a lesser extent. Positive factors that emerge between 2010 and 2020 are that energy strategies are integrated, and energy efficiency is given high priority throughout the organizations’ working methods.

Lastly, by using simulation and optimization models, energy end-use measures of (1) large-scale renovation of a multifamily building stock and (2) the use of a hydronic pavement system for snow and ice clearance are studied. The results of the large-scale renovation of multifamily buildings reveal a potential conflict. The measure resulting in the best energy performance of the building, which may be the most desirable measure from a building owner’s perspective, risks leading to larger greenhouse gas emissions. A hydronic pavement system - a rarely used application in present-day district heating systems - proves to be a possible sustainable solution and a suitable application for the future generation of a low-temperature district heating system. The results underline the importance of understanding system boundaries in general, but also when considering energy efficiency improvements.

Abstract [sv]

En ökad energieffektivisering är en förutsättning får att uppnå de nationella energi- och klimatmålen, så väl som målen satta av Europeiska unionen och de globala hållbarhetsmålen antagna av Förenta nationernas medlemsländer. Närmare 40 % av Sveriges totala energianvändning och cirka 20 % av de inhemska växthusgasutsläppen allokeras till bostads- och servicesektorn. Det finns en stor potential till ökad energieffektivisering inom sektorn. Närmare hälften av de svenska hushållen finns i flerbostadshus, där fjärrvärme är den dominerande värmelösningen med närmare 90% marknadsandel och med en marknadsandel på ungefär 80% för lokaler. Genom att samla aktörer från tillförselsidan inom energisektorn och användarsidan inom bostadsoch servicesektorn kan möjligheter för ett effektivt energisystem och en effektiv energianvändning studeras.

Syftet med denna avhandling är att med ett systemperspektiv studera arbetet med energieffektivisering och energieffektiviseringsåtgärder inom energisektorn, med fokus på fjärrvärmeregioner med kraftvärmeproduktion, och den svenska bostads- och servicesektorn, med fokus på flerbostadshus och lokaler. Forskningsfrågorna analyserar klimat- och energimål kopplat till de globala hållbarhetsmålen och potentiella hinder mellan målsättningar. Utöver detta fokuserar forskningen på energieffektivisering och dess hinder och drivkrafter. Vidare studeras hur typ av ägarskap, organisationsstorlek och befolkningstäthet kan differentiera resultaten. Slutligen studeras potentiella målkonflikter vid genomförande av olika energieffektiviseringsåtgärder vid renovering av flerbostadshus och hur användning av markvärme påverkar energisystemet. Forskningen bidrar med kunskap om hur en ökad energieffektivitet kan påverka utsläpp av växthusgaser från energisystemet.

Integreringen av ramverket för de globala hållbarhetsmålen i den svenska bostads- och servicesektorn har studerats genom en enkätstudie. Resultatet visar att ungefär 70% av organisationerna har integrerat ramverket i sitt arbete. Integreringen varierar dock beroende på typ av ägarskap, från 60 % i allmännyttiga bostadsbolag med övervägande hyresrätter, 77 % i privata bostadsbolag till 84 % i kooperativa organisationer med övervägande bostadsrätter. Bland små organisationerna hade 48 % integrerat ramverket jämfört med 73 % i medelstora och 90 % i stora organisationer. Även beroende på befolkningstätheten där organisationerna är verksamma ses skillnader, där 49 % av organisationer på landsbygd hade integrerat ramverket jämfört med 63 % i mindre städer och förorter och 80 % av organisationerna i storstäder. Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och målkonfliktutvärdering i en kontrollerad grupp energioch bostadsbolag påvisas att integrering av klimat- och energimål kan resultera i olika användning av terminologi, tidslinjer och motstridiga mål när olika systemgränser tillämpas. Detta kan hämma förståelse och kommunikation, samt motverka genomförande och integreringen av de globala hållbarhetsmålen.

En ökad energieffektivisering inom bostads- och servicesektorn är en central del av nationella och Europeiska unionens klimat- och energistrategier och för att nå de globala hållbarhetsmålen. Genom enkätundersökningar studeras uppfattningen av hinder mot och drivkrafter för energieffektivisering inom den svenska bostads- och servicesektorn och vilka förändringar som skett mellan 2010 och 2020. Resultaten visar att brist på tid eller andra prioriteringar är det största hindret, samt uppfattningen om en slimmad organisation. Den största drivkraften är att minska kostnader följt av drivkrafter av organisatorisk eller beteendemässig karaktär. Resultaten visar en utmanande situation bland allmännyttiga bostadsbolag, små organisationer och de på landsbygden, då de relativt andra grupper upplever hinder till högre grad och drivkrafter lägre. Positiva faktorer som framkommer från 2010 till 2020 är att energistrategier integreras och energieffektivisering ges hög prioritet i organisationens arbetssätt.

Slutligen studeras, genom simulerings- och optimeringsmodellering, energieffektiviseringsåtgärderna (1) storskalig renovering av ett bestånd av flerbostadshus och (2) användning av markvärmesystem ämnat för is- och halkbekämpning. Åtgärderna analyseras utifrån energiprestanda och växthusgasutsläpp beroende på olika systemgränser. Resultaten gällande renovering av flerbostadshusen påvisar en potentiell målkonflikt. Åtgärden som ger bäst energiprestanda för byggnaden, vilket kan vara den mest önskvärda åtgärden ur en byggnadsägares perspektiv, riskerar att leda till större utsläpp av växthusgaser. Konflikten uppstår på grund av olika användning av systemgränser. Ett markvärmesystem, en applikation som nyttjas i låg utsträckning i dagens fjärrvärmesystem, visar sig vara en möjlig hållbar lösning och en lämplig applikation för framtida generationers lågtempererade fjärrvärmesystem. Studierna visar vikten av förståelsen av systemgränser i allmänhet men också när man överväger energieffektiviseringar. Ett för snävt systemperspektiv och systemgränser kan leda till oönskade suboptimeringar med högre utsläpp av växthusgaser som konsekvens.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. , p. 90
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2301
Keywords [en]
Energy Efficiency, Barriers, Drivers, System Studies
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-192462DOI: 10.3384/9789180751056ISBN: 9789180751049 (print)ISBN: 9789180751056 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-192462DiVA, id: diva2:1744531
Public defence
2023-04-21, ACAS, A Building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 10:15 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding agencies: Tekniska verken, E.ON, Akademiska Hus, Stångåstaden, Lejonfastigheter, Örebrobostäder, Lundbergs Fastigheter, and the Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth

Available from: 2023-03-20 Created: 2023-03-20 Last updated: 2023-03-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. The Impact on System Performance When Renovating a Multifamily Building Stock in a District Heated Region
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Impact on System Performance When Renovating a Multifamily Building Stock in a District Heated Region
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2019 (English)In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 11, no 8, article id 2199Article in journal (Other academic) Published
Abstract [en]

In Sweden, 90% of multifamily buildings utilize district heat and a large portion is in need of renovation. The aim is to analyze the impact of renovating a multifamily building stock in a district heating and cooling system, in terms of primary energy savings, peak power demands, electricity demand and production, and greenhouse gas emissions on local and global levels. The study analyzes scenarios regarding measures on the building envelope, ventilation, and substitution from district heat to ground source heat pump. The results indicate improved energy performance for all scenarios, ranging from 11% to 56%. Moreover, the scenarios present a reduction of fossil fuel use and reduced peak power demand in the district heating and cooling system ranging from 1 MW to 13 MW, corresponding to 4–48 W/m2 heated building area. However, the study concludes that scenarios including a ground source heat pump generate significantly higher global greenhouse gas emissions relative to scenarios including district heating. Furthermore, in a future fossil-free district heating and cooling system, a reduction in primary energy use will lead to a local reduction of emissions along with a positive effect on global greenhouse gas emissions, outperforming measures with a ground source heat pump.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2019
Keywords
district heating, multifamily buildings, renovation, primary energy use, energy system modeling, greenhouse gas emissions
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157080 (URN)10.3390/su11082199 (DOI)000467752200012 ()2-s2.0-85065422245 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2019-05-27 Created: 2019-05-27 Last updated: 2023-03-20Bibliographically approved
2. Analyzing the Performance and Control of a Hydronic Pavement System in a District Heating Network
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analyzing the Performance and Control of a Hydronic Pavement System in a District Heating Network
2019 (English)In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 12, no 11, article id 2078Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A hydronic pavement system (HPS) is an alternative method to clear snow and ice, which avoids the use of salt, sand, and fossil fuel in conventional snow clearance, and minimizes the risk of accidents. The aim is to analyze the performance of different control strategies for a 35,000 m2 HPS utilizing heat from a district heating and cooling (DHC) system. The key performance indicators are (1) energy performance of the HPS, and (2) primary energy use, (3) electricity production and (4) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the DHC system. The methodology uses a simulation model of the HPS and an optimization model of the DHC system. Three operational strategies are analyzed: A reference scenario based on the current control strategy, and scenarios where the HPS is shut down at temperatures below −10 °C and −5 °C. The study shows that the DHC return temperature is suitable for use. By operational strategies, use during peak demand in the DHC system can be avoided, resulting in reduced use of fossil fuel. Moreover, the energy use of the HPS could be reduced by 10% and the local GHG emissions by 25%. The study emphasizes that the HPS may have positive effects on global GHG emissions, as it enables electricity production from renewable resources.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Basel: MDPI, 2019
National Category
Energy Systems Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157189 (URN)10.3390/en12112078 (DOI)000472635900045 ()
Note

Funding agencies: Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth; Tekniska verken AB; E. ON Sweden AB; Stangastaden AB; AB Lejonfastigheter; Fastighets AB L E Lundberg; Akademiska Hus AB

Available from: 2019-06-04 Created: 2019-06-04 Last updated: 2023-08-28Bibliographically approved
3. Analysing Conflicting Energy and Climate Targets between Municipalities, Energy Utilities and Housing Companies in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analysing Conflicting Energy and Climate Targets between Municipalities, Energy Utilities and Housing Companies in Sweden
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2021 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation only (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is important that the SDGs are integrated atboth national and municipal levels, and that the business sector is involved in this work. This paper analyses howwell the SDGs are integrated as well if there are any conflicting energy and climate targets among municipalities,energy utilities and housing companies in Sweden, and in relation to national and EU targets. The targets arecategorized as; climate impact, efficient energy use, and share of renewable resources. Three key indicators arein focus; timeline and level of targets, terminology, and system boundaries. The study focuses on the Linköpingand Norrköping region, which has 300,000 inhabitants and is located 150 km southwest of Stockholm, Sweden.By using directives, company annual reports and interviews, the companies’ decision-making processes andtargets have been mapped.The results identify differences in system boundaries and timelines as reasons to potential conflictsregarding climate targets. Ambitious targets at the municipal level are identified as a driving force, but with targetfulfilment two decades or more before national and EU targets. Regarding the category of efficient energy use,the level of targets and terminology differs. Lastly, regarding renewable resources, terminology and timelinediffer. Furthermore, it is concluded that the SDGs are not integrated to a large extent in the business sector orat a local level. Overall, this may create challenges in communication, collaboration and exchange of knowledgein order to succeed and achieve the SDGs. 

National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-180238 (URN)
Conference
Energy Evaluation Europe 2021 Conference, Here East, Olympic Park, London, UK, June 29-July 1, 2020
Note

The link in this post leads to the paper presented at the conference whose name is specified above. Paper has not been published according to the procedure usual in academic publishing. In this case, identifiers are missing, which results in the conference contribution not being classified as published paper.

Available from: 2021-10-13 Created: 2021-10-13 Last updated: 2023-03-20Bibliographically approved
4. Understanding energy efficiency decisions in the building sector – A survey of barriers and drivers in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Understanding energy efficiency decisions in the building sector – A survey of barriers and drivers in Sweden
2022 (English)In: Cleaner Engineering and Technology, ISSN 2666-7908, Vol. 9, article id 100527Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A sustainable building sector with a more energy-efficient and decarbonized building stock is important for mitigating climate change. This paper contributes to knowledge on how to increase energy efficiency investments by presenting a nationwide survey on the perception of barriers and drivers for energy efficiency among 216 professionals in the Swedish building sector. This study explores economic, behavioral, and organizational conditions and analyzes the conventional dependencies on (1) type of ownership and (2) size of the organization, but also adds analysis on (3) degree of urbanization, (4) climate zones and (5) profession. Together these dependencies enhance a custom design of policies and measures. The findings show that hidden costs and bounded rationality were prominent barriers due to problems to acquire and analyze information, which needs to be addressed. In addition to the economic driver to reduce cost, several behavioral and organizational drivers were emphasized. There were distinct economic differences depending on the type of ownership and size of the organizations. Well-developed organizational structures were important factors for energy efficiency, which policies and measures should address. Differences were seen between organizations operating in rural areas and more densely populated areas. An improved indoor climate was important in northern climate zones.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2022
Keywords
Energy efficiency; Building sector; Barriers; Drivers
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-190457 (URN)10.1016/j.clet.2022.100527 (DOI)000981177200017 ()2-s2.0-85132847010 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding: Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth through the European Regional Development Fund

Available from: 2022-12-09 Created: 2022-12-09 Last updated: 2023-06-13Bibliographically approved
5. Ten years of energy efficiency—Exploring the progress of barriers and drivers in the swedish residential and services sector
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ten years of energy efficiency—Exploring the progress of barriers and drivers in the swedish residential and services sector
2022 (English)In: Energy Reports, E-ISSN 2352-4847, Vol. 8, p. 14726-14740Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Making buildings more energy efficient is an important part of achieving the European Union's energy and climate goals, which several directives, policies, and measures has addressed over the years. This paper aims to study changes over a 10-year period in perception on barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish building sector and identifying success factors. The data collection consists of surveys conducted in 2010 and 2020 among organizations that mainly build, own, and manage multi-dwelling buildings. Besides the overall result, special focus is given to changes depending on type of ownership, size of organization, and organizational hierarchy. Lack of time or other priorities and slim organizations remain the most important barriers, which is most evident among small organizations. Reducing cost remains the major driver. The uncertainty surrounding a rising energy price has diminished and cost-effective solutions are more adaptable. More capital for energy efficiency is available, particularly in the private sector. Furthermore, the result acknowledges the impact of regulatory measures. The study recognizes a connection between organizational development and the integration of energy efficiency in an organizations’ agenda. Future challenges are related to hidden costs and knowledge acquisition.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2022
Keywords
Barriers; Drivers; Energy efficiency; Residential building sector
National Category
Energy Systems Construction Management
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-190458 (URN)10.1016/j.egyr.2022.10.439 (DOI)000892831900004 ()2-s2.0-85141771799 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding: FORMAS a Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development [2022-01941]; Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth; European Regional Development Fund

Available from: 2022-12-09 Created: 2022-12-09 Last updated: 2026-03-12Bibliographically approved

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