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Metaphor in Mind: Programming Teachers' Knowledge and Beliefs in Action
Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Division of Learning, Aesthetics, Natural Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences.
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
På tal om metaforer : Programmeringslärares kunskap och självupplevda förståelse av sin undervisning (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Programming has become an integral component of technology education around the world and is an important part of Swedish curriculum reform and classroom teaching. This thesis aims to explore relations between programming teachers' knowledge and beliefs about programming teaching and how it is enacted in their practice. In response, three studies were designed to investigate teachers' knowledge on three analytical levels: metaphorical expression, meaning, and understanding. The research relies heavily on triangulation and draws on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and the Refined Consensus Model (RCM) for Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) as an analytical framework. Data consists of metaphorical expressions in four educational texts, three classroom observations and interviews, and eighteen online video clips. Metaphors were analysed by deploying the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP), Metaphor Identification Guidelines for Gesture (MIG-G), and Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS), respectively. Study 1 revealed that programming metaphors (designated in uppercase) can be categorised as being either related to the function (e.g., PROGRAMMING IS BUILDING, or DATA IS A PHYSICAL OBJECT) of the computer, or the intention of the programmer (e.g., "jump between code lines", or "tell the system that..."). In addition to confirming that many of the metaphors in Study 1 are employed in classroom teaching, Study 2 shows the teachers use of metaphor in gestures when teaching programming. For example, a teacher might hold an "object" while speaking about a programming concept, and thereby expose the use of the metaphor A PROGRAMMING CONCEPT IS A PHYSICAL OBJECT. The study also found that the teachers frame their teaching in relation to building, instructing, mentoring, and problem solving. Study 3 explored spatiality of a teacher’s metaphorical expressions. Findings illuminated that the teacher’s utterances rarely display connections between programming concepts and spatiality. Overall, the thesis identifies key metaphors contained in texts, speech, and gestures in the programming classroom. The research also shows how the teachers enact teaching differently, thus implying salient connections between their knowledge, beliefs, and action.

Abstract [sv]

Programmering är en integrerad del av teknikundervisning världen över samt en viktig del av svensk läroplansreform. Denna avhandling syftar till att undersöka programmeringslärares kunskap och självupplevda förståelse för sin undervisning samt hur den manifesteras i klassrummet. För att uppnå detta syfte har tre studier utformats. Studierna lärarnas kunskap på tre analytiska nivåer: metaforiska uttryck, mening och förståelse. Avhandlingen använder triangulering samt en kombination av konceptuell metaforteori och the Refined Concensus Model for PCK som analytisk grund. Datan består av metaforiska uttryck identifierade i fyra texter, tre klassrumsobservationer och intervjuer samt arton videoklipp. Metaforerna har analyserats med hjälp av Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP), Metaphor Identification Guidelines for Gesture (MIG-G) och Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS). Studie 1 visar att programmeringsmetaforer (noterade med versaler) kan kategoriseras som antingen relaterade till datorns funktion (PROGRAMMERING ÄR BYGGANDE eller DATA ÄR FYSISKA OBJEKT) eller programmerarens intentioner (t.ex. "hoppa mellan rader" och "berätta för programmet att..."). Förutom att de metaforer som identifierats i Studie 1 även används i klassrummen visar Studie 2 att lärarna använder gester som metaforer i sin undervisning. Exempelvis kan en lärare hålla ett "objekt" medan han berättar om ett programmeringskoncept. På så sätt blir handen en metafor för PROGRAMMERINGSKONCEPT ÄR ETT FYSISKT OBJEKT. Studien visar även att lärarna ramar in sin undervisning i relation till byggande, instruerande, mentorskap och problemlösning. Studie 3 undersökte rumsligheten i en lärares metaforiska uttryck. Studiens resultat visar att läraren sällan gör kopplingar mellan programmeringskoncept och rumslighet. Sammantaget påvisar denna avhandling vissa nyckelmetaforer som används i klassrummet. Forskningen visar även att lärare utformar sin undervisning på olika vis, vilket tyder på att lärares kunskap om och självupplevda förståelse för sin undervisning påverkar hur undervisningen formas.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. , p. 113
Series
Studies in Science and Technology Education, ISSN 1652-5051 ; 119
Keywords [en]
Conceptual Metaphor, Speech and Gesture, Programming Education, Technology
Keywords [sv]
Konceptuella metaforer, Gestanalys, Programmeringsundervisning, Teknik
National Category
Didactics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-193566DOI: 10.3384/978910752381ISBN: 9789180752374 (print)ISBN: 9789180752381 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-193566DiVA, id: diva2:1755119
Public defence
2023-06-09, K2, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-05-05 Created: 2023-05-05 Last updated: 2023-10-05Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Reading the Code Between the Lines: Exploring the Structure of metaphors in educational programming resources
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reading the Code Between the Lines: Exploring the Structure of metaphors in educational programming resources
2022 (English)In: NorDiNa: Nordic Studies in Science Education, ISSN 1504-4556, E-ISSN 1894-1257, Vol. 18, no 3, p. 305-322Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Recent work in computer science education shows that natural language plays a pivotal role in learners’ understanding of programming concepts. This study explores metaphorical expressions in four computer programming textbooks and online resources in Swedish upper secondary education. The Metaphor Identification Procedure was applied to identify metaphoric language. The metaphors reveal how expressions such as the ‘program asking’ or the ‘function building’ are structured in relation to embodied experiences. The results show that central concepts are structured in relation to metaphors such as Inanimate Phenomena are Human Agents and Organisation is Physical Structure. Findings also demonstrate differences in the types of metaphors are present in each resource, with Events are Actions communicated most frequently. Lastly, the resources vary in how they describe the role of the programmer: as a ‘constructor’ or ‘instructor’. This implies that the discovered metaphoric structure in textual resources might influence students’ subsequent learning of programming concepts.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Universitetet i Oslo, 2022
National Category
Educational Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-190391 (URN)10.5617/nordina.8774 (DOI)
Available from: 2022-12-06 Created: 2022-12-06 Last updated: 2024-08-29Bibliographically approved
2. Hands on programming: Teachers use of Metaphors in gesture and Speech make Abstract concepts tangible
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hands on programming: Teachers use of Metaphors in gesture and Speech make Abstract concepts tangible
2023 (English)In: International journal of technology and design education, ISSN 0957-7572, E-ISSN 1573-1804, Vol. 33, p. 901-919Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Metaphors in gesture and speech play a pivotal role in the way that programming concepts are presented in the classroom. However, little is known about the function of teachers metaphors in practice. This study aims to explore teachers use of metaphors in gesture and speech in a lecture on programming. Based on video observations of three upper secondary teachers, we employ Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) and Metaphor Identification for Gesture Guidelines (MIG-G) as methodological tools for identifying metaphoric speech and gestures related to programming concepts. The results of the study reveal that the gestures of the three teachers mainly function in two ways: (1) to add spatial properties to a programming concept and (2) to provide additional imagery for a programming concept. Consequently, the gestures identified in this study reduce the communicative burden of teachers speech. Furthermore, the study reveals that teachers gestures serve as means for making abstract concepts more tangible. For example, gestures concerning the abstract term "data" can generally be related to an object that could be received or moved. Hence, despite its metaphorical origin, data could be considered a graspable aspect of programming. Furthermore, spatial gestures enable the teachers to communicate programming processes in a tangible way, for example assigning programming processes a forward direction. Theoretical implications, potential implications for teaching and future research are discussed in the paper.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2023
Keywords
Classroom observation; Cognitive Linguistics; Conceptual metaphor; Gesture analysis; Metaphor identification procedure; Programming education
National Category
Didactics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-187365 (URN)10.1007/s10798-022-09755-0 (DOI)000827339200001 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Linkoping University

Available from: 2022-08-19 Created: 2022-08-19 Last updated: 2023-10-31Bibliographically approved
3. Analysing the elements of a scene – An integrative approach to metaphor identification in a naturalistic setting
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analysing the elements of a scene – An integrative approach to metaphor identification in a naturalistic setting
2022 (English)In: Cognitive Semiotics, ISSN 1662-1425, Vol. 15, no 2, p. 223-248Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper addresses the challenges of exploring metaphor use in a naturalistic environment. We employed an integrative approach to the analysis of metaphor in video-recorded classroom observations of a teacher lecturing on computer programming. The approach involved applying the Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS) and the Metaphor Identification Guidelines for Gesture (MIG-G) both individually and jointly. Our analysis of the data shows that the teacher primarily uses metaphors that evoke experiences of manipulating physical objects while using his hands to add spatiality to these ‘objects’. Furthermore, it indicates that specific gestures may serve as ’anchoring-points’ for larger scenes, enabling the speaker to form a scene in which to place smaller concepts. Throughout the analysis, our integrative approach to metaphor analysis provided opportunities to both support and refute results from each of the procedures employed. Moreover, the PIMS procedure has both served as an efficient tool for identifying central concepts of a scene and a way to validate the results of the gesture analysis. We suggest that this integrative approach to metaphor may be used to provide clues about the embodied motivation of a metaphor at an individual level. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Walter de Gruyter, 2022
National Category
General Language Studies and Linguistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-190392 (URN)10.1515/cogsem-2022-2014 (DOI)2-s2.0-85143603638 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-12-06 Created: 2022-12-06 Last updated: 2024-11-29

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