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Ghosts of the Past or Facilitators of the Future?: Firm-System Interactions in the Transition to Electrified Goods Transportation
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Project Innovations and Entrepreneurship. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

If you visit Linköping, you have good chances to see electrified cars, or you may even take a ride on an electric city bus. However, you will have some difficulty spotting one of the very few electric trucks operating in the city. The transition to a road-based goods transportation system with electrified trucks is much slower than the transition to electrified passenger transport in Sweden. Part of the explanation for this are the profound system changes required to realize a competitive electrified goods transportation system, a system that involves different firms with significantly different resources and varying relationships to existing system structures. This thesis aims to contribute to transition studies by mapping out how firm-system interactions unfold during an ongoing sustainability transition. Therefore, attention is placed on how dynamic transition processes are affected by firms with stakes in the emerging socio-technical system for electrified goods transportation. The thesis also emphasizes the firms' limitations in shaping the environment in which the electrified trucks will operate. The data on which the thesis is based was collected within the context of two research projects, both funded by the Swedish Energy Agency and affiliated with the Swedish Electromobility Center. The data collection included observations at 42 industry events and 34 semi-structured interviews with different actors involved in the development of electrified goods transportation in Sweden. In addition, a literature review was conducted based on articles in the research community of transition studies, highlighting how established firms in the automotive sector handle major transitions of socio-technical systems.   

In general, the thesis contributes to the ongoing discussion in transition studies about the role of firms in transitions. In particular, there is a vivid discussion about two issues in this research community: how established firms can contribute to ongoing transition processes and how to understand the interactions between firms and systems during ongoing transitions. This thesis synthesizes the results of five articles to address these questions in three main ways. First, the thesis contributes to the discussion on incumbent firms with an "extreme" empirical case of system reconfiguration, characterized by the interactions between two socio-technical systems where incumbent firms play the role of users and producers in both systems. The thesis describes how different incumbent firms have different system functions and different resources and how these functions and resources are reshaped as the new system emerges. Second, the dissertation contributes with a conceptualization of two types of interactions between firms and systems, covering how the firm can influence the emerging system and how feedback from the emerging system travels back to the firm. The thesis nuances the academic discussions on firm-system interactions by considering the possibilities of established firms to strategically invest in a favorable dynamic of co-evolution between their own resources and the emerging socio-technical system. Third, the thesis develops analytical tools to investigate how incumbent firms can influence changes in their environment by contributing to the design of favorable future markets and to understand how incumbent firms influence problem-solution couplings during transitions.   

Abstract [sv]

Om du besöker Linköping har du goda chanser att se elektrifierade personbilar eller åka en eldriven stadsbuss. Däremot kan du ha svårt att upptäcka en av de mycket få elektriska lastbilar som körs i staden. Övergången till ett vägbaserat godstransportsystem med elektrifierade lastbilar går betydligt långsammare än övergången till elektrifierade persontransporter i Sverige. En del av förklaringen till detta är de djupgående systemomställningar som krävs för att förverkliga ett konkurrenskraftigt elektrifierat godstransportsystem, ett system som inbegriper olika företag med väsentligt olika resurser, och varierande relationer till befintliga systemstrukturer. Denna avhandling syftar till att kartlägga hur dynamiska omställningsprocesser påverkas av företag med intressen i det framväxande sociotekniska systemet för elektrifierade godstransporter. I avhandlingen betonas också de begränsningar som företagen har när det gäller att forma den omgivning som de elektrifierade lastbilarna ska verka i. Den data som avhandlingen bygger på samlades in inom ramen för två forskningsprojekt som båda finansierades av Energimyndigheten och var kopplade till forskningscentret Swedish Electromobility Center. Datainsamlingen omfattade observationer vid 42 branschevenemang och 34 semistrukturerade intervjuer med olika aktörer som är involverade i utvecklingen av elektrifierade godstransporter i Sverige. Dessutom gjordes en litteraturöversikt av artiklar inom forskningsfältet omställningsstudier (transiton studies) som belyser hur etablerade företag inom fordonssektorn hanterar större omställningar av sociotekniska system.  

Avhandlingen bidrar till den pågående diskussionen inom omställningsstudier om företagens roller i omställningar. I synnerhet finns det en livlig diskussion kring två frågor i detta forskningsfält: hur etablerade företag kan bidra till pågående omställningsprocesser och hur man kan förstå samspelet mellan företag och system under pågående omställningar. Genom en syntes av fem artiklar belyser den här avhandling dessa frågor på tre huvudsakliga sätt. För det första bidrar avhandlingen till diskussionen om etablerade företag med ett "extremt" empiriskt fall av systemrekonfigurering, som kännetecknas av interaktionen mellan två sociotekniska system där etablerade företag har rollen som användare och producenter i båda systemen. Avhandlingen beskriver hur olika etablerade företag har olika systemfunktioner och olika resurser, och hur dessa funktioner och resurser omformas när det nya systemet växer fram. För det andra bidrar avhandlingen med konceptualiseringar kring två typer av interaktioner mellan företag och system, dels hur företaget kan påverka systemet och dels återkopplingar till företaget från det framväxande systemet. Avhandlingen nyanserar akademiska diskussioner om interaktioner mellan företag och system genom att ta hänsyn till etablerade företags möjligheter att strategiskt satsa på en gynnsam dynamik i samutvecklingen mellan deras egna resurser och det framväxande sociotekniska systemet. För det tredje utvecklar avhandlingen analytiska verktyg för att undersöka hur etablerade företag kan få inflytande över förändringar i sin omgivning genom att bidra till utformningen av gynnsamma framtida marknader, samt att förstå hur etablerade företag påverkar hur problem och lösningar kopplas samman under omställningar.   

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. , p. 93
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2349
National Category
Business Administration
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-198180DOI: 10.3384/9789180753630ISBN: 9789180753623 (print)ISBN: 9789180753630 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-198180DiVA, id: diva2:1800888
Public defence
2023-10-27, ACAS, A-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 09:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-09-28 Created: 2023-09-28 Last updated: 2023-10-03Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Conceptualisations of incumbent firms in sustainability transitions: Insights from organisation theory and a systematic literature review
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Conceptualisations of incumbent firms in sustainability transitions: Insights from organisation theory and a systematic literature review
2023 (English)In: Business Strategy and the Environment, ISSN 0964-4733, E-ISSN 1099-0836, Vol. 32, no 2, p. 903-919Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Following the tradition of using opposing concepts as a basis for organisational analysis, this article advances a theory-based understanding of incumbent firms in sustainability transitions. Building on seminal transition studies, we propose innovating/defending and collaborating/competing as two useful spectra to describe organisational behaviours in transitions. Presenting the automotive industry as an explanatory case, we show results from a systematic literature review that reveal motives for diverging behaviours. Combining the spectra into a 2 x 2 matrix, we then introduce four conceptualisations to explain the observed motives and behaviours. The conceptualisations are associated with different streams of organisation theory: dynamic capabilities and the resource-based view, resource-dependence theory, neo-institutional theory and theories on organisational learning and path dependence. Referring to organisational ambidexterity, value configurations and political arenas, we conclude that transitions research can reach a more multifaceted understanding by challenging the prevailing notion of the firm as a coherent actor.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2023
Keywords
automotive industry; environmental innovation; incumbent; organisational behaviour; sustainability transition; systematic literature review
National Category
Business Administration
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-185027 (URN)10.1002/bse.3081 (DOI)000789523900001 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Energy Agency [P46351-1]

Available from: 2022-05-18 Created: 2022-05-18 Last updated: 2024-01-10Bibliographically approved
2. From protection to selective exposure: commercial demonstrations as steppingstones for upscaled technology diffusion
Open this publication in new window or tab >>From protection to selective exposure: commercial demonstrations as steppingstones for upscaled technology diffusion
2021 (English)In: International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, ISSN 1470-9511, E-ISSN 1741-5012, Vol. 21, no 3, p. 250-272Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Examining how actively constructed processes of demand articulation can enable upscaled technology diffusion, this paper introduces a distinction between pre-commercial and commercial demonstrations. The paper argues that these two forms of demonstration play different roles in the adoption of innovative technologies. Whereas pre-commercial demonstrations are initiated to facilitate entry into niche markets, commercial demonstrations are devised to ease entry to mass markets. The paper presents a comparative case analysis of commercial demonstration projects featuring electrified heavy trucks in urban applications. The analysis focuses on the relation between the technologies and the selection environments they operate in, showing how stakeholders actively shape selection environments in commercial demonstrations. The analysis further shows how network relationships and lessons learned empower stakeholders to articulate forceful demands on institutional changes that promote an upscaled technology diffusion.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
InderScience Publishers, 2021
Keywords
demand articulation, electric vehicle, market niche, demonstration, technology diffusion, upscaled diffusion
National Category
Economics and Business
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177984 (URN)10.1504/IJATM.2021.10039470 (DOI)
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, P46351-1
Available from: 2021-07-12 Created: 2021-07-12 Last updated: 2023-09-28Bibliographically approved
3. Using dynamic capabilities to shape markets for alternative technologies: A comparative case study of automotive incumbents
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Using dynamic capabilities to shape markets for alternative technologies: A comparative case study of automotive incumbents
2022 (English)In: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, ISSN 2210-4224, E-ISSN 2210-4232, Vol. 42, p. 12-26Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper analyzes how incumbent firms act to shape markets for new technology alternatives. It introduces a framework that highlights important linkages between the dynamic market-shaping capabilities of individual firms and market-shaping processes on a system level. The framework is used to analyze the endeavors of two large heavy vehicle manufacturers to introduce two technology platforms-electrified trucks and trucks fueled by liquefied gas-as alternatives to traditional diesel-fueled trucks. The analysis shows how incumbent firms deploy market-shaping capabilities to claim legitimate positions in envisioned future markets. The paper concludes by pointing to the dynamism of market interactions in sustainability transitions, showing how firms induce system-level reconfigurations and how such reconfigurations induce changes at the level of the firm.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2022
Keywords
Incumbents; Dynamic capabilities; Market-shaping; Automotive; Alternative technologies; Value creation
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-181632 (URN)10.1016/j.eist.2021.10.031 (DOI)000723168600002 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Energimyndigheten [P46351-1]; Riksbankens Jubileumsfond [P18-0588-1]

Available from: 2021-12-06 Created: 2021-12-06 Last updated: 2023-09-28
4. If electric trucks are the solution, what are the problems? A study of agenda-setting in demonstration projects
Open this publication in new window or tab >>If electric trucks are the solution, what are the problems? A study of agenda-setting in demonstration projects
2022 (English)In: Energy Research & Social Science, ISSN 2214-6296, E-ISSN 2214-6326, Vol. 91, article id 102722Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper explores individual and collective agenda-setting processes in demonstration projects. It contributes to transition studies by showing how multi-actor collaboration in demonstrations and the resulting alignment of agendas aid social embedding of new technologies. The research questions address, first, the extent to which individual actors can dominate shared agenda-setting, and second, how the experience of participating in demonstrations influences actors' individual agendas. An analytical model operationalizes agendas based on an adjusted multiple streams approach of problems, solutions, and institutional contexts. The model is applied in a comparative analysis of two electrified distribution truck demonstrations. All data presented were collected in 25 semi-structured interviews and an online workshop. The analysis shows how leading actors may dominate agenda-setting dynamics by imposing considerable influence on the selection of problems and specification of solutions. However, it also illustrates how other involved actors can influence the configuration of technological solutions during the demonstration project. The analysis results highlight how collaborative agenda-setting can lead to the creation of coherent packages between multiple streams, leading to changes in the individual agendas of the involved actors.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2022
Keywords
Agenda-setting, Demonstration projects, Multiple streams approach, Window of opportunity, Electric vehicle, Sustainability Transitions, Sustainability
National Category
Economics and Business
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-188828 (URN)10.1016/j.erss.2022.102722 (DOI)000864794800013 ()
Funder
Linköpings universitetSwedish Energy Agency, P46351-1Chalmers University of Technology
Note

Funding: Swedish Energy Agency [P46351-1]

Available from: 2022-09-27 Created: 2022-09-27 Last updated: 2023-09-28

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