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An Analysis of a Multi-Pump System for Actuator Operation in Electric Mobile Machinery
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Fluid and Mechatronic Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9533-8578
Volvo Construction Equipment AB, Eskilstuna, Sweden.
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Fluid and Mechatronic Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3877-8147
2023 (English)In: ASME/BATH 2023 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control - FPMC2023, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers , 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper presents an analysis of a multi-pump solution for a hydraulic cylinder for application in mobile machinery with electric prime movers. The flexibility provided by using electric motors instead of an internal combustion engine allows for the design of alternative hydraulic architectures that remove the need for a centralized pumping system and support more direct control of individual components. This allows them to operate at a higher efficiency region to improve overall vehicle efficiency, leading to smaller batteries and shorter or less frequent recharge periods. To evaluate the capabilities of this proposal, this paper focuses on a backward calculation analysis of a single actuator operating with multiple pump/motors connected to each chamber. A series of hydraulic machines with fixed displacement and identical sizes are connected to the actuator chambers through on/off directional valves. The system controls the flow by using the required pumps and selecting their optimal speeds to minimize energy consumption or maximize energy recovery. The results show how the number of pumps affects the system’s performance and provide insights regarding the selection of operating machines according to the actuator speed and force.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers , 2023.
Series
Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control
Keywords [en]
multi-pump hydraulic actuator, multi-pump system, hydraulic actuation, electric mobile machinery, electrification
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-199230DOI: 10.1115/FPMC2023-111452ISI: 001219322300023ISBN: 9780791887431 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-199230DiVA, id: diva2:1813718
Conference
ASME/BATH 2023 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control, Sarasota, FL, USA, October 16-18, 2023.
Projects
Energieffektiva kompakta elektrohydrauliska komponent- och systemlösningar för arbetsmaskiner, E-hydraulik
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 305207
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten) [50181-1]

Available from: 2023-11-21 Created: 2023-11-21 Last updated: 2025-11-20Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Multi-Pump Systems for Electrified Mobile Machinery: Addressing Combinatorial Control Complexity through Simulation-Based Optimisation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multi-Pump Systems for Electrified Mobile Machinery: Addressing Combinatorial Control Complexity through Simulation-Based Optimisation
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Electrification is increasingly being adopted in mobile machinery as a means to reduce carbon emissions and improve energy efficiency. While electric solutions for actuation are growing, hydraulic systems still offer a favourable balance between cost, power density, reliability, and overall performance. Their primary drawback is efficiency, as they often rely on throttling control, which incurs high losses. However, electrified vehicles bring new opportunities for redesigning hydraulic systems.

An electric vehicle does not require a centralised hydraulic system. Integrated electric machine and hydraulic pump/motor units have long been available, enabling systems composed of multiple smaller decentralised components. Such arrangements allow the system to match flow and pressure demand directly, reducing or eliminating throttling losses.

This enables new hydraulic architectures that require alternative control methods and have not been previously analysed. This thesis focuses on the Multi-Pump System (MPS), which uses multiple smaller fixed-displacement hydraulic machines to supply flow to the actuators through on/off valves. The design minimises throttling by using the valves for flow routing and the pump/motors for control. Any pump/motor port can connect to any actuator chamber, and the architecture enables energy regeneration and recuperation.

This system offers considerable flexibility in performing a task. For instance, it can control actuators independently using varying numbers of active pump/motors, short-circuit actuator chambers to reduce the total required pump flow, or utilise the return flow for electric energy recuperation. This licentiate thesis investigates the decision-making process involved in selecting among these operating modes.

It proposes an optimisation-based method to infer viable and preferred control decisions from the actuators’ operating points, thereby reducing the control decision space. A structurally simple system is analysed, and a visualisation method is introduced to summarise the transition regions between operating modes for the hydraulic machines. Finally, a dynamic model is tested using the decisions from this analysis to develop the control system. The results indicate that this approach can be extended to more complex systems, although new strategies may be required to identify mode transition patterns.

Abstract [sv]

Elektrifiering sker i allt större utsträckning bland entreprenadmaskiner som ett sätt att minska koldioxidutsläpp och förbättra energieffektiviteten. I och med elektrifieringen blir elektromekaniska aktuatorer ett intressant alternativ till de konventionella hy-draulsystem, som i regel används för att utföra arbeten i dessa maskiner. Hydraulsystemen erbjuder dock fortfarande en gynnsam balans mellan kostnad, effekttäthet, till-förlitlighet och övergripande prestanda. Den främsta nackdelen är energieffektiviteten, eftersom styrning i regel sker via strypning av flödet. Elektrifieringen öppnar dock upp nya designmöjligheter för hydraulsystem.

Ett elektriskt fordon kräver inte ett centraliserat hydraulsystem. Integrerade enheter bestående av elektriska maskiner och hydraulmaskiner möjliggör system som består av flera mindre, decentraliserade komponenter. Sådana konfigurationer gör det möjligt för systemet att direkt matcha flödes- och tryckbehov, vilket minskar eller eliminerar strypförluster.

Denna avhandling fokuserar på ett så kallat Multi-Pump System (MPS), som använder flera mindre hydraulmaskiner med fast deplacement för att leverera flöde till aktuatorer via ett antal on/off-ventiler. Samtliga portar kan sammankopplas med varandra. Arkitekturen minimerar strypförluster samt erbjuder en hög grad av flexibilitet. Till exempel kan det styra aktuatorer med varierande antal aktiva hydraul-maskiner, kortsluta cylinderkammare för att minska det totala nödvändiga pumpflödet, eller använda returflödet för elektrisk energiåtervinning. Denna licentiatavhandling undersöker hur driftlägen ska väljas.

En optimeringsbaserad metod föreslås, där styrbeslut görs utifrån aktuatorernas driftpunkter. Ett förhållandevis enkelt system analyseras, och en visualiseringsmetod introduceras för att sammanfatta övergångsregionerna mellan driftlägen för de hy-drauliska maskinerna. Slutligen testas en dynamisk modell med hjälp av besluten från denna analys för att utveckla styrsystemet. Resultaten indikerar att detta tillvägagångssätt kan utvidgas till mer komplexa system, även om nya strategier kan krävas för att identifiera mönster för lägesövergångar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. p. 64
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Licentiate Thesis, ISSN 0280-7971 ; 2022
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-219594 (URN)10.3384/9789181183047 (DOI)9789181183030 (ISBN)9789181183047 (ISBN)
Presentation
2025-12-12, C3, C-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding Agencie: Strategic Vehicle Research and Innovation (Fordonsstrategisk forskning och innovation - FFI) program within the Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten), with project numbers P2019-027632 and P2023-00594.

Available from: 2025-11-20 Created: 2025-11-20 Last updated: 2025-11-21Bibliographically approved

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Tozzi de Cantuaria Gama, ArturHeybroek, KimEricson, Liselott

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