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False Alarm Effects in Early Warnings for Emergency Vehicles: Exploring Drivers Move-Over Behavior
Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, Human-Centered systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Swedish Natl Rd & Transport Res Inst, Olaus Magnus Vag 35, S-58195 Linköping, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9724-8456
Swedish Natl Rd & Transport Res Inst, Olaus Magnus Vag 35, S-58195 Linköping, Sweden.
Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, Human-Centered systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Region Östergötland, Regionledningskontoret, Center for Disaster Medicine and Traumatology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5943-0679
2024 (English)In: Human Factors, ISSN 0018-7208, E-ISSN 1547-8181, Vol. 66, no 11, p. 2518-2527Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective: This study investigated drivers move-over behavior when receiving an Emergency Vehicle Approaching (EVA) warning. Furthermore, the possible effects of false alarms, driver experience, and modality on move-over behavior were explored. Background: EVA warnings are one solution to encourage drivers to move over for emergency vehicles in a safe and timely manner. EVA warnings are distributed based on the predicted path of the emergency vehicle causing a risk of false alarms. Previous EVA studies have suggested a difference between inexperienced and experienced drivers move-over behavior. Method: A driving simulator study was conducted with 110 participants, whereof 54 inexperienced and 56 experienced drivers. They were approached by an emergency vehicle three times. A control group received no EVA warnings, whereas the experimental groups received either true or false warnings, auditory or visual, 15 seconds before the emergency vehicle overtook them. Results: Drivers who received EVA warnings moved over more quickly for the emergency vehicle compared to the control group. Drivers moved over more quickly for each emergency vehicle interaction. False alarms impaired move-over behavior. No difference in driver behavior based on driver experience or modality was observed. Conclusion: EVA warnings positively affect drivers move-over behavior. However, false alarms can decrease drivers future willingness to comply with the warning. Application: The findings regarding measurements of delay can be used to optimize the design of future EVA systems. Moreover, this research should be used to further understand the effect of false alarms in in-car warnings.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC , 2024. Vol. 66, no 11, p. 2518-2527
Keywords [en]
driver behavior; intelligent vehicle systems; warning systems; expert-novice differences; warning compliance
National Category
Other Engineering and Technologies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-199691DOI: 10.1177/00187208231216835ISI: 001111090300001PubMedID: 38029305Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85178395125OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-199691DiVA, id: diva2:1821031
Note

Funding Agencies|Nordic Way 3 [2021-03693]; Swedish Transport Administration [TRV 2020/25755]; Vinnova [2018-01523]; Nordic Way 3 [2018- EU-TM-0026-S]; Swedish Traffic Medicine Association

Available from: 2023-12-19 Created: 2023-12-19 Last updated: 2025-08-14
In thesis
1. Emergency Vehicle Approaching: Warning Drivers Using Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Emergency Vehicle Approaching: Warning Drivers Using Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Emergency Vehicle Approaching : Att varna förare genom det Samverkande Intelligenta Transportsystemet
Abstract [en]

Driving an emergency vehicle can be difficult. The driver of the emergency vehicle must navigate, communicate with emergency services, often drive at high speeds, and take surrounding traffic into account. Civilian drivers are required by law to give way to emergency vehicles with lights and sirens activated. Despite this, they sometimes fail to move over. One reason is not noticing the emergency vehicle in time.   

This dissertation aims to understand how technology can support civilian drivers in their interactions with emergency vehicles. One form of technology used to make drivers move over is emergency vehicle lighting. The results of this dissertation show that alternative designs of emergency vehicle lighting can affect driver behavior and that the current designs are not always suited to promote the most desirable driver behavior.   

Another technological approach to supporting drivers in their interactions with emergency vehicles is the use of Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS). One C-ITS service is the Emergency Vehicle Approaching (EVA) warning. An EVA warning is an early in-car warning sent out to the driver before being overtaken by an emergency vehicle, providing more time to move over. Three driving simulator studies with EVA warnings were conducted in this dissertation. The results indicate that EVA warnings make drivers move over more quickly and thereby decrease delay time for emergency vehicles. Furthermore, there is a learning effect when receiving multiple EVA warnings, implying that drivers move over more quickly once they are familiar with the system. One of the simulator studies used eye tracking and showed that EVA warnings make drivers scan mirrors earlier, compared to when not receiving an EVA warning.   

An EVA warning is distributed based on the most probable path of the emergency vehicle. If the driver of the emergency vehicle decides on another route, there is a risk of false EVA warnings. Therefore, this dissertation explored how false alarms, and false expectations of EVA warnings, affect drivers. Receiving false alarms makes drivers move over more slowly in future interactions and negatively affects attitudes toward the EVA system. Furthermore, wrongly expecting an EVA warning makes drivers less attentive to the road ahead.    

In conclusion, both emergency vehicle lighting and EVA warnings can support civilian drivers in their interactions with emergency vehicles. It can decrease the risks of both collisions and delays. However, to implement a large-scale deployment of C-ITS, Sweden needs digital infrastructure to support secure data exchange  

Abstract [sv]

Att framföra ett utryckningsfordon är utmanande. Utryckningsföraren förväntas navigera, kommunicera med larmcentralen, framföra utryckningsfordonet i inte sällan höga hastigheter och samtidigt ta hänsyn till omgivande trafik. Bilister är enligt lag tvungna att lämna fri väg för utryckningsfordon med blåljus och sirener. Trots det misslyckas ibland förare med att lämna fri väg. En anledning är att de inte hinner uppfatta utryckningsfordonet i tid.

Syftet med denna avhandling är att förstå hur teknik kan stödja förare vid interaktioner med utryckningsfordon. En form av teknik som används för att få förare att lämna fri väg är blåljus. Resultaten av denna avhandling visar att alternativa designlösningar för blåljus kan påverka förarnas beteende och att de nu-varande utformningarna inte alltid är optimala för att främja det mest önskvärda förarbeteendet.   

En annan metod för att stötta förare i deras interaktion med utryckningsfordon är uppkopplad fordonsteknik, så kallat Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS). En typ av C-ITS-tjänst är Emergency Vehicle Approaching (EVA)-varningar. En EVA-varning är en tidig varning som skickas ut till bilisten innan utryckningsfordonet kör ikapp, vilket ger föraren mer tid att lämna fri väg. Tre förarsimulatorstudier med EVA-varningar genomfördes inom ramen för avhandlingen. Resultaten visar på att EVA-varningar kan få förare att lämna fri väg snabbare och därmed minska förseningar för utryckningsfordon. Dessutom finns det en inlärningseffekt med EVA varningar som innebär att förare lämnar fri väg snabbare när de är bekanta med EVA systemet. I en av simulatorstudierna användes ögonrörelsemätning som visade att EVA-varningar får förare att skanna av speglarna i bilen tidigare, jämfört med när de inte får någon EVA-varning.   

En EVA-varning distribueras baserat på den mest sannolika vägen för utryckningsfordonet. Om föraren av utryckningsfordonet väljer en annan väg finns det risk för falska EVA-varningar. I den här avhandlingen undersöktes därför hur falska larm och en falsk förväntan om EVA-varningar påverkar förare. Att ta emot falska larm påverkade förarnas framtida interaktioner och inställning till EVA-systemet. Dessutom gjorde en felaktig förväntan på en EVA-varning till att förarna var mindre uppmärksamma på vägen framför dem.   

Sammanfattningsvis kan både blåljus och EVA-varningar stödja civila förare i interaktionen med utryckningsfordon. Varningssystemen kan minska riskerna för både kollisioner och förseningar. För att genomföra en storskalig utbyggnad av C-ITS behöver Sverige dock en digital infrastruktur för att stödja säkert datautbyte. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. p. 84
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 891
Keywords
Emergency Vehicles, Intelligent Transport System, Warning, Emergency Vehicle Approaching, Geofencing, Utryckningsfordon, Intelligenta Transportsystem, Varning, Emergency Vehicle Approaching, Geostaket
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-208609 (URN)10.3384/9789180758055 (DOI)9789180758048 (ISBN)9789180758055 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-11-22, Ada Lovelace, B-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding: The PhD project has been financially supported by the Swedish Transport Administration (TRV 2020/25755) and the European Union. The majority of my included papers (II – V) were written in the context of the European Union project Nordic Way 3 (2018- EU-TM-0026-S). In addition, from the support from the Swedish Transport Administration and European Union, my second study received financial support from Vinnova (2018-01523), and the fourth study from SAFER (FP18). The first study in this dissertation was supported by the company Standby which provided the technical equipment for the experiment.  

Available from: 2024-10-17 Created: 2024-10-17 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved

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