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Learning Managerial Work: First-line Managers’ Learning in Everyday Work within Swedish Elderly Care
Linköping University, Department of Culture and Society, Division of Social Work. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1756-2811
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Lärande av chefsarbete : Första-linjechefers lärande i det dagliga arbetet inom svensk äldreomsorg (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

This study’s overall aim is to contribute knowledge about first-line managers’ learning in everyday work within the context of elderly care. The study used a qualitative research approach and was carried out within four Swedish elderly care organisations. A total of 40 first-line managers were interviewed, 10 of whom kept time-use diaries. The theoretical framework is based on a workplace learning perspective originating from theory of situated learning. Situated learning theory includes the concepts of community of practice, legitimate peripheral participation, and membership, which serve as analytical tools to illuminate characteristics of learning from various angles. In addition, the concept of gender has been used to gain a deeper understanding for managers’ workplace learning in the female-dominated elderly care context.

The findings showed that managers’ learning happened in a stream of varied tasks and interactions shaped by conditions in the workplace. The managers’ work was characterised by unpredictability and changing circumstances, which meant they continuously had to learn how to handle new situations and expand their repertoire of managerial practices. One common perception among themanagers was the importance of being able to make quick decisions with limited information, and assess the results afterwards. The managers learned how to deal with work situations by either maintaining and modifying current practices or inventing new ones. In addition to these three practices, their learning was affected by different conditions, particularly professional experience, work relationships and organisational conditions. The findings further showed that the managers had to learn to deal with expectations of how they should act in the managerial role based on their gender, and learn to navigate between gender ideals that permeated the female-dominated elderly care environment.

Three conclusions were drawn from this study. The first was that managers took great responsibility for their own learning, including what they needed to know and how they would learn it. Despite the fact that they all had access to resources provided by the employer, managers often chose alternative ways to learn, usually by relying on informal networks and close personal relationships. As a result of this self-directed learning, they were able to make decisions that suited their learning needs, and effectively proceed in practice without having to confirm their chosen methods.

The second conclusion was that work relationships played a central part in managers’ learning, within both the care work community and the first-line manager community. Work relationships with other first-line managers provided support for learning through, for example, knowledge exchange and joint discussions, as well as emotional support. Work relationships with subordinates were significant for learning, and could result in solutions to complex issues, which could have a direct effect on the daily operation of care work services. Due to the diverse mix of professions, varying interests, and formal positions of authority in the care work community, managers were required to devote considerable time and effort to facilitate collaboration and a shared repertoire. As a result, learning was seen as a stimulating and enjoyable experience, but was also demanding and sometimes boring.

The third conclusion was that in the context of the female-dominated elderly care gender operated differently in two communities of practices. Male privilege was still prominent in the care work community, as men were accepted and perceived as legitimate leaders among their subordinates. Female managers instead had to navigate and balance the expectations associated with femininity and the managerial role in this community. However, the female-dominated elderly care context provided female managers with more opportunities to connect with equal peers and establish influential positions, whereas male managers could encounter challenges in gaining access to learning and participating in the first-line manager community.

Abstract [sv]

Det övergripande syftet är att bidra med kunskap om första linjechefers lärande i det dagliga arbetet inom äldreomsorgen. Studien använde sig av en kvalitativ forskningsansats och genomfördes i fyra svenska äldreomsorgsorganisationer. Totalt intervjuades 40 första-linjechefer varav tio av dessa chefer förde tidsdagbok. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten är ett arbetsplatslärandeperspektiv med ursprung i teorin om situerat lärande. Situerad lärandeteori inkluderar begreppen praktikgemenskap, legitimt perifert deltagande och medlemskap, som fungerar som analytiska verktyg för att belysa lärande från olika vinklar. Dessutom har begreppet genus använts som ett analysverktyg för att förstå chefers arbetsplatslärande inom den kvinnodominerade äldreomsorgskontexten.

Resultatet visade att chefers lärande skedde i ett flöde av varierande arbetsuppgifter och interaktioner som formades av olika förutsättningar på arbetsplatsen. Chefernas arbete präglades av oförutsägbarhet och oförutsedda händelser, vilket innebar att cheferna kontinuerligt behövde lära sig att hantera nya situationer och utveckla sina chefspraktiker. En vanlig uppfattning bland cheferna var vikten av att kunna fatta snabba beslut med begränsad information och därefter utvärdera utfallet. Cheferna lärde sig att hantera arbetssituationer genom att upprätthålla eller utveckla befintliga praktiker eller uppfinna nya. Utöver dessa tre praktiker påverkades chefernas lärande av olika förutsättningar, i synnerhet: arbetserfarenhet, arbetsrelationer och organisatoriska förutsättningar. Resultatet visade också att cheferna behövde lära sig att hantera genusstereotypa förväntningar i relation till chefsrollen och kvinnodominansen i äldreomsorgen.

I avhandlingen dras tre slutsatser. Det första slutsatsen är att cheferna tog ett stort ansvar för sitt eget lärande, nämligen vad de behövde kunna och hur de skulle lära sig det. Trots att alla chefer hade tillgång till resurser från arbetsgivaren, valde cheferna ofta alternativa sätt att lära sig arbetet, vanligtvis genom informella nätverk och personliga relationer. Fördelen med att cheferna styrde sitt eget lärande var att de hade större frihet att anpassa lärandet till sina egna behov, utan att behöva bekräfta sina valda metoder i förväg.

Den andra slutsatsen är att arbetsrelationer spelade en central roll för chefers lärande, både inom omsorgsarbetsgemenskapen och chefsgemenskapen. Relationen med andra första linjechefer utgjorde ett viktigt stöd för lärande genom till exempel kunskapsutbyte, gemensamma diskussioner, samt gav emotionellt stöd. Relationer med underordnade var också betydelsefulla för lärandet och det kunde resultera i lösningar på komplexa frågor, vilket i sin tur hade en direkt inverkan på den dagliga verksamheten. På grund av den heterogena sammansättningen av yrkesgrupper, intressen och maktpositioner inom omsorgsarbetsgemenskapen krävdes det att cheferna ägnade mycket tid och kraft åt att upprätta samarbeten och en gemensam repertoar av praktiker. Av den anledningen kunde lärande ses som en stimulerande och njutbar upplevelse, men också utmattande och ibland tråkig.

Den tredje slutsatsen är att genus opererade på olika sätt inom två praktikgemenskaper i den kvinnodominerade äldreomsorgskontexten. Manliga privilegier var framträdande i omsorgsarbetsgemenskapen, då män uppfattades som självklara ledare och gavs legitimitet av underordnade. Kvinnliga chefer var tvungna att navigera mellan förväntningar förknippade med kvinnlighet och chefsrollen i denna gemenskap. Den kvinnodominerade äldreomsorgskontexten gav dock kvinnliga chefer större möjligheter att skapa nätverk och etablera inflytelserika positioner medan manliga chefer ställdes inför utmaningar när det kom till att etablera nära relationer till andra chefer och att få tillgång till lärande genom deltagande i chefsgemenskapen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. , p. 85
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 875Linköping Studies in Behavioural Science, ISSN 1654-2029 ; 258
Keywords [en]
First-line manager, Workplace learning, Managerial work, Community of practice, Gender, Elderly care
Keywords [sv]
Första-linjechef, Arbetsplatslärande, Chefsarbete, Praktikgemenskap, Genus, Äldreomsorg
National Category
Educational Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-200627DOI: 10.3384/9789180755092ISBN: 9789180755085 (print)ISBN: 9789180755092 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-200627DiVA, id: diva2:1834218
Public defence
2024-03-15, I101, Building I, Campus, Linköping, 13:00
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-02-02 Created: 2024-02-02 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Conditions for Workplace Learning as a New First-Line Manager in Elderly Care
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Conditions for Workplace Learning as a New First-Line Manager in Elderly Care
2021 (English)In: Vocations and Learning, ISSN 1874-785X, E-ISSN 1874-7868, Vol. 14, no 2, p. 205-222Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The purpose of this article is to explore first-line managers’ experiences of workplace learning in elderly care, with a particular focus on the conditions for learning when entering a new workplace as the new manager. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 35 first-line managers from three organisations in Sweden. Four learning conditions emerged as being particularly significant for first-line managers: the managers’ previous professional experience, job-specific training, social support, and the joint repertoire of organisational arrangements. These conditions shifted in importance during the process of entering the workplace, and the way in which the conditions gave access to learning for different managers varied. The managers’ professional experience and others’ recognition of them had a considerable impact on their admittance to the new workplace. After the initial entry phase, the other three learning conditions became more significant and played a role in enabling or constraining the managers’ learning and becoming the new manager. One conclusion is that contextual and work experiences from elderly care were significant for learning during the initial phase and in order to gain access to workplace learning. Another conclusion is that high expectations and great responsibility were placed on the managers to satisfy their own learning needs. This implies that professional, social and emotional support that is received informally is just as significant for learning as formalised training for entering a new workplace as a new manager.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2021
Keywords
Workplace learning, Legitimate peripheral participation, First-line manager, Elderly care
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-173114 (URN)10.1007/s12186-020-09260-2 (DOI)000613162800001 ()
Note

Funding: Open Access funding provided by Linköping University

Available from: 2021-02-02 Created: 2021-02-02 Last updated: 2024-02-02
2. First-line managers’ practices and learning in unpredictable work within elderly care
Open this publication in new window or tab >>First-line managers’ practices and learning in unpredictable work within elderly care
2022 (English)In: Studies in Continuing Education, ISSN 0158-037X, E-ISSN 1470-126X, Vol. 44, no 3, p. 376-391Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Despite the number of studies confirming a high degree of unpredictability in managerial work, little is still known about how managers? workplace learning happens within organisations in such circumstances. This paper therefore aims to contribute knowledge about managers? learning in managerial practice when work is unpredictable, by investigating how first-line managers deal with unforeseen situations and how they learn in such circumstances in everyday work. Data was collected via qualitative interviews with 40 first-line managers in Swedish elderly care. By using a theoretical framework based on practice and workplace learning theories, the paper analyses how managers address unpredictability in work through three embedded practices: maintaining, modifying and inventing. The paper goes beyond research on leadership training and leadership development by contributing knowledge about the everyday learning of first-line managers when their work is unpredictable. The unpredictable managerial work does not always create chaos; instead, there are very orderly ways of learning from dealing with unforeseen situations. The unforeseen is not as unpredictable as it might seem in managerial work. On the other hand, that which is not yet known calls for an inventing practice, which results in managers learning to take new paths that can create new practices.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Routledge, 2022
National Category
Media and Communications Educational Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-172547 (URN)10.1080/0158037X.2020.1868990 (DOI)000606945300001 ()2-s2.0-85099342154 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-01-13 Created: 2021-01-13 Last updated: 2025-01-31
3. First-line managers experience of their role and gender in elderly care
Open this publication in new window or tab >>First-line managers experience of their role and gender in elderly care
2025 (English)In: Studies in Continuing Education, ISSN 0158-037X, E-ISSN 1470-126X, Vol. 47, no 1, p. 51-67Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The aim of the article is to examine first-line managers experiences of their managerial role and gender in elderly care. Forty qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with first-line managers (35 women and five men) from four different organisations in Sweden. The findings suggest that the role of first-line managers was formed in everyday managerial work in two communities of practice: the care work community and the first-line manager community. The managers navigation between these two communities of practice created dual memberships. These memberships differed depending on micropolitical processes which arose in relation to their position, expectations and gender stereotypes. A female norm ruled within the first-line manager community, providing middle-aged women with elderly care experience with a greater legitimacy to control the community, while men were not so easily accepted. On the other hand, the male norm was more prominent in the care work community in line with managerial ideals and male managers received more credit as being more capable as managers. The study contributes by demonstrating that the managerial role and gender manifested themselves in different ways within these two communities of practice and provided different conditions, giving women and men different benefits or unequal conditions for performing leadership.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2025
Keywords
First-line managers; community of practice; gender; elderly care
National Category
Pedagogy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-198371 (URN)10.1080/0158037X.2023.2260311 (DOI)001069394500001 ()2-s2.0-85171774411 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-10-09 Created: 2023-10-09 Last updated: 2025-04-23

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