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Performance Characterization of Arrival Operations with Point Merge at Oslo Gardermoen Airport
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Communications and Transport Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Flight Procedure Design Group, Luftfartsverket (LFV), Norrköping, Sweden,.
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Communications and Transport Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7804-9328
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Communications and Transport Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Communications and Transport Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
2023 (English)In: Fifteenth USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar, 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The paper focuses on the performance assessment of the arrival operations in Oslo Gardermoen airport implementing point merge (PM) procedures. We take a data-driven approach based on the open-source ADS-B data, and conduct a detailed performance assessment utilizing a diverse set of performance indicators, including newly developed metrics for better understanding of the PM specifics. The results of the performance evaluation indicate that the PM systems are currently underutilized in Oslo airport, and their increased usage may lead to the improved arrival performance, especially during the peak time periods.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2023.
Keywords [en]
Arrival procedures, point merge, performance evaluation, continuous descent operations
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-203052OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-203052DiVA, id: diva2:1854418
Conference
Fifteenth USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar (ATM 2023), Savannah, Georgia, United States
Available from: 2024-04-25 Created: 2024-04-25 Last updated: 2026-01-26Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Optimization of Aircraft Arrival Operations for Improved Environmental Efficiency
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optimization of Aircraft Arrival Operations for Improved Environmental Efficiency
2024 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The transportation sector, accounting for about one fifth of all greenhouse gas emissions, is facing a significant transformation in order to become more climate-friendly. In terms of air transportation, there are several important steps on the way to making flying sustainable both for the planet itself and for people directly or indirectly being exposed to its effects. In the state of the current air traffic operations, where environmentally friendly propulsion systems and fuels are not yet implemented on a large scale, enhancing the efficiency in the airspace can help to bring us closer to the environmental goals of aviation. Such solutions may include improved synchronization of arriving flights in the Terminal Maneuvering Area (TMA), in which congestion is a problem for many airports.  

In this thesis, we first explore and develop methodologies for assessing the environmental impact of the operations in TMA. More specifically, the goal of the assessments is to quantify the additional fuel consumption, gaseous emissions and noise that comes from horizontally and vertically inefficient arrival operations in TMA. We perform our assessments on a couple of European airports, including Stockholm-Arlanda.   

Secondly, we propose a Mixed Integer Programming (MIP)-based optimization model which provides for conflict-free arrival operations, where aircraft fly fuel-efficient Continuous Descent Operations (CDOs), applied to Point Merge (PM) arrival procedures, with the primary purpose to serve as a route assigner. We base our optimization on real scenarios, from actual transmitted flight data, and model realistic descent profiles considering the operational capabilities of the specific aircraft type. Additionally, the optimization model ensures the required spacing between aircraft taking off and landing in case the runway is used in a mixed mode. We evaluate our solutions by assessing numerous performance metrics, including environmental efficiency, and compare to the actual trajectories of the real operations. On two European airports implementing PM procedures, we demonstrate that our optimization model provides improved vertical performance as well as reduced time and distance flown in TMA, contributing to reduced levels of noise and fuel savings, accompanied by decreased emissions. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. p. 35
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Licentiate Thesis, ISSN 0280-7971 ; 1994
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-202563 (URN)10.3384/9789180756440 (DOI)9789180756433 (ISBN)9789180756440 (ISBN)
Presentation
2024-05-20, K1, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding: The research in this thesis was funded by the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) and in-kind participation of LFV within the ODESTA, ODESTA-PM and TMAKPI projects.

Available from: 2024-04-16 Created: 2024-04-16 Last updated: 2024-12-02Bibliographically approved
2. An Advanced Framework for Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of Terminal Airspace
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An Advanced Framework for Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of Terminal Airspace
2024 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

As air traffic volumes continue to grow, understanding and managing traffic flows within Terminal Maneuvering Areas (TMAs) has become essential to meet increasing capacity demands. TMAs, the airspaces surrounding airports managed by Air Traffic Controller (ATC) for landings and takeoffs, often face challenges due to limited capacity, leading to performance degradation and significant environmental footprint. While existing Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) effectively assess the en route phase of flight journeys, there remains a gap in the metrics specifically designed for evaluating TMAs.

The purpose of this thesis is to develop a comprehensive evaluation framework tailored for TMAs to assess performance, identify inefficiencies, and highlight areas for improvement. First, the existing general metrics were modified for TMA-specific evaluation, proved effective in detecting inconsistencies in air traffic control and identifying optimization opportunities. New TMA-specific performance indicators were also developed and applied to various TMAs with different types of arrival procedures.

In the second phase, dependencies between the metrics were examined to create a performance assessment tool tailored to specific operational scopes. Statistical Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) analysis was performed on two subsets of metrics, uncovering that the newly-introduced metric, ‘threshold,’ correlates significantly with other performance indicators. This metric serves for the predicting TMAs performance based on entry conditions, improving air traffic management.

Recently, the focus was placed on Point Merge-specific metrics to assess their potential in improving environmental efficiency of the arrivals. Testing across seven airports revealed that Point Merge (PM) structures are often underutilized. Finally, the PM-specific metrics and the overall performance evaluation framework were refined for more efficient evaluation and further optimization of TMAs featuring different types of arrival operations.

Abstract [sv]

I takt med att volymerna av flygtrafik ökar har det blivit avgörande att förstå och hantera trafikflöden inom TMA för att möta de växande kapacitetskraven. TMA, de luftrum som omger flygplatser och där flygtrafikledning (ATC) hanterar landningar och start, står ofta inför utmaningar på grund av begränsad kapacitet, vilket leder till prestandaf örsämring och en större miljöpåverkan. Medan befintliga nyckeltal (KPI) effektivt bedömer den flygande fasen av flygresor, finns det fortfarande ett gap i mått som specifikt är utformade för att utvärdera TMA.

Syftet med denna avhandling är att utveckla en omfattande utvärderingsram skräddarsydd för TMA för att bedöma prestation, identifiera ineffektivitet och belysa förbättringsområden. Befintliga allmänna mått har modifierats för TMA-specifik utvärdering och har visat sig effektiva för att upptäcka inkonsekvenser i flygtrafikledning och identifiera optimeringsmöjligheter. Nya TMA-specifika prestationsindikatorer har också utvecklats och tillämpats på olika TMA med olika ankomstprocedurer.

I den andra fasen undersöktes beroendena mellan måtten för att skapa ett prestationsbedömningsverktyg anpassat för specifika operationella områden. Statistisk OLS-analys genomfördes på två delmängder av måtten, vilket ledde till introduktionen av en ny metrisk, ’tröskel’, som korrelerar signifikant med andra restationsindikatorer. Denna metrisk hjälper till att förutsäga TMA prestation baserat på ingångsvillkor, vilket förbättrar hanteringen av flygtrafik.

Nyligen har ytterligare fokus lagts på Point Merge-specifika mått för att bedöma deras potential. Testning över sju flygplatser visade att PM-strukturer ofta är underutnyttjade. Slutligen förfinades de PM-anpassade metrikerna och det övergripande utvärderingsramverket för en mer effektiv framtida utvärdering och ytterligare optimering av TMA med olika typer av inflygningsoperationer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. p. 41
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Licentiate Thesis, ISSN 0280-7971 ; 2007
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-209395 (URN)10.3384/9789180758734 (DOI)9789180758727 (ISBN)9789180758734 (ISBN)
Presentation
2024-12-02, K3, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-11-11 Created: 2024-11-11 Last updated: 2024-11-11Bibliographically approved
3. Environmental Efficiency in Terminal Airspace: Performance Modeling and Arrival Optimization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Environmental Efficiency in Terminal Airspace: Performance Modeling and Arrival Optimization
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The aviation industry faces the urgent challenge of reconciling projected traffic growth with stringent climate targets, including the European Union’s goal of climate neutrality by 2050. While techno-logical innovations such as sustainable aviation fuels and hydrogen propulsion are critical for long-term decarbonization, their near-term impact remains limited. In this thesis, we address the immediate opportunity of improving the environmental efficiency of aircraft arrival operations in Terminal Manoeuvring Areas (TMAs), where congestion and complex sequencing often lead to excess fuel burn, emissions and noise.

Existing research has demonstrated the benefits of Continuous Descent Operations (CDOs) and structured arrival procedures such as Point Merge (PM). However, for TMA performance evaluations, cur-rent practices are limited in real-world assessments of environmental efficiency beyond Carbon Dioxide (CO2). In terms of optimization of the arrival operations, the exploration of dynamic PM usage and early speed adjustments as a sequencing tool, integrated within the optimization framework, remains relatively unexplored. Furthermore, most optimization frameworks do not fully integrate arrival and departure scheduling in mixed-mode runway environments.

The thesis addresses four key research questions: (1) What are the environmental benefits of using fuel-efficient CDOs within TMA and how to quantify them? (2) How to evaluate the arrival aircraft performance within TMAs implementing PM procedures? (3) Can the performance of current operations in a TMA where PM is implemented be improved by using optimization? (4) How can speed adjustment during cruise and descent be used, with or without combining it with PM procedures, to safely separate and sequence arriving flights? The overarching aim is to develop methodologies for assessing and optimizing arrival operations to reduce fuel consumption, emissions and noise while maintaining safety and capacity.

The research combines data-driven performance evaluation with mathematical optimization. We use real-world Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) trajectory data from the OpenSky Network, together with meteorological data from ECMWF ERA5 and the performance modeling capabilities of EUROCONTROL BADA, to quantify inefficiencies in current operations. For optimization, we develop a Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP)-based framework to assign conflict-free, fuel-efficient arrival routes and descent profiles, incorporating wake turbulence separation and runway scheduling constraints. We perform case studies at Dublin and Oslo-Gardermoen airports, both operating with PM procedures.

Empirical analysis reveals substantial inefficiencies in current TMA operations, with level-flight segments contributing significantly to excess fuel burn. Our studies show that CDOs reduce fuel consumption and noise exposure, although Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions may increase under idle-thrust conditions. Optimization results demonstrate that dynamic PM usage and early speed adjustments improve horizontal and vertical efficiency, reduce time in TMA and decrease fuel burn compared to actual operations.

Operational improvements in arrival management can deliver immediate environmental benefits, complementing long-term technological solutions. The proposed frameworks support SESAR and NextGen objectives for greener TMAs and are adaptable to future contexts, including Urban Air Mobility (UAM). By integrating rigorous performance evaluation with advanced optimization, this thesis provides actionable insights for reducing aviation’s environmental footprint while enhancing predictability.

Abstract [sv]

Flygindustrin står inför den akuta utmaningen att förena prognostiserad trafikökning med strikta klimatmål, inklusive EU:s ambition om klimatneutralitet till år 2050. Även om tekniska innovationer såsom hållbara flygbränslen och vätgasdrift är avgörande för långsiktig avkarbonisering, är deras kortsiktiga effekt begränsad. Denna avhandling adresserar den omedelbara möjligheten att förbättra den miljömässiga effektiviteten bland ankommande flygplan inom terminalområden (TMA), där trängsel och komplex sekvensering ofta leder till ökad bränsleförbrukning, utsläpp och buller.

Tidigare forskning har visat fördelarna med Continuous Descent Operations (CDOs) och strukturerade ankomstprocedurer såsom Point Merge (PM). För utvärdering av TMA-prestanda är dock nuvarande metoder begränsade när det gäller studier av miljöeffektivitet bortom koldioxid (CO2). Vid optimering av ankomstoperationer ¨ar användningen av dynamisk PM och tidiga hastighetsjusteringar som sekvenseringsverktyg, integrerade i optimeringsramverket, relativt outforskat. Dessutom saknar de flesta optimeringsramverk en fullständig integrering av ankomst- och avgångsschemaläggning i miljöer med blandad bananvändning.

Avhandlingen behandlar fyra centrala forskningsfrågor: (1) Vilka är de miljömässiga fördelarna med bränsleeffektiva CDO:er inom TMA och hur kan de kvantifieras? (2) Hur kan prestandan för ankommande flygplan i TMA med PM-procedurer utvärderas? (3) Kan prestandan för nuvarande operationer i ett TMA med PM förbättras genom optimering? (4) Hur kan hastighetsjustering under marsch och sjunk användas, med eller utan kombination med PM, för att säkert separera och sekvensera ankommande flyg? Det övergripande målet är att utveckla metoder för användning till att utvärdera och optimera ankomstoperationer, för att minska bränsleförbrukning, utsläpp och buller, samtidigt som säkerhet och kapacitet bibehålls.

Forskningen kombinerar datadriven prestandautvärdering med matematisk optimering. Vi använder verkliga ADS-B-flygdata från OpenSky Network, meteorologiska data från ECMWF ERA5 samt EUROCONTROL:s BADA-modell för att kvantifiera ineffektivitet i nuvarande operationer. För optimering utvecklar vi ett Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP)-baserat ramverk för att tilldela konfliktfria, bränsleeffektiva inflygningsvägar och sjunkprofiler, med hänsyn till separation på grund av turbulens från vingspetsvirvlar och begränsningar i banschemaläggning. Fallstudier genomförs vid Dublin och Oslo-Gardermoen, båda med PM-procedurer.

Empiriska analyser visar betydande ineffektivitet i nuvarande TMA-operationer, där planflygsegment bidrar avsevärt till ökad bränsleförbrukning. Våra studier visar att CDO:er minskar bränsleförbrukning och bullerexponering, även om utsläpp av kolmonoxid (CO) och kolväten (HC) kan öka vid motortomgång. Optimeringsresultaten visar att dynamisk PM-användning och tidiga hastighetsjusteringar förbättrar både horisontell och vertikal effektivitet, minskar tid i TMA och reducerar bränsleförbrukning jämfört med faktiska operationer.

Operativa förbättringar i ankomsthantering kan ge omedelbara miljöfördelar och komplettera långsiktiga tekniska lösningar. De föreslagna ramverken stödjer SESAR- och NextGen-målen för grönare TMA och är anpassningsbara till framtida kontexter, inklusive Urban Air Mobility (UAM). Genom att integrera rigorös prestandautvärdering med avancerad optimering ger denna avhandling handlingsbara insikter för att minska flygets miljöpåverkan och samtidigt förbättra förutsägbarheten.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. p. 85
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2500
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-220717 (URN)10.3384/9789181184082 (DOI)9789181184075 (ISBN)9789181184082 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-03-03, K3, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding Agencies: Transportstyrelsen; Trafikverket.

Available from: 2026-01-26 Created: 2026-01-26 Last updated: 2026-01-26Bibliographically approved

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