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Challenges for multi-quadrant hydraulic piston machines
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Fluid and Mechatronic Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1431-0010
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Fluid and Mechatronic Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6839-6134
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Fluid and Mechatronic Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3877-8147
2024 (English)In: Energy Conversion and Management: X, E-ISSN 2590-1745, Vol. 22, article id 100578Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In search of more efficient hydraulic systems, new system architectures are explored. These system architectures are often electrically driven and include energy recuperation. This requires hydraulic machines to function both as pumps, converting mechanical power into hydraulic power, and as motors, converting hydraulic power back into mechanical power. However, the availability of machines that can operate in all desired modes is limited. This indicates that operation in multiple modes comes with performance penalties. This paper highlights the challenges for multi-quadrant operation of hydraulic piston pump/motors, with a particular focus on commutation, i.e., the transition between high- and low-pressure level for each chamber. Various commutation strategies for piston machines are examined. Furthermore, other important aspects for pump/motor operation such as hydrostatic compensation ratios, design of inlet channels, low-speed capability, and flow control through speed or displacement control are discussed. The article shows that the design of multi-quadrant machines is challenging, and this has to be considered when choosing the system architecture.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024. Vol. 22, article id 100578
Keywords [en]
Four-quadrant, Commutation, Hydraulic pump, Hydraulic motor, Electrification, Fluid power
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-203063DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100578ISI: 001235182600001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-203063DiVA, id: diva2:1854642
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Electromobility Centre [13070]; Swedish Energy Agency [P2023-00594]

Available from: 2024-04-26 Created: 2024-04-26 Last updated: 2025-10-29
In thesis
1. Electro-Hydraulic Energy Converters: Development of Axial Piston Machines and Their Integration with Electric Machines
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Electro-Hydraulic Energy Converters: Development of Axial Piston Machines and Their Integration with Electric Machines
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In mobile working machines, there is a trend towards replacing combustion engines with electric machines to reduce their carbon footprint. This provides several advantages and challenges for their hydraulic systems. The low efficiency of conventional hydraulic systems is no longer acceptable because of the volume and cost of batteries. Fortunately, the advantages offered by electrification can be exploited for increased system efficiency.

Electrified pump drives enable variable speed control, energy recuperation, power-on-demand, and new system architectures with flexible control. However, legacy hydraulic machines (pump/motors) were not optimised to match the electric machines’ capabilities. This thesis has two main focus areas: the development of hydraulic machines that better match the abilities of electric drives, and the integration of a hydraulic machine with an electric machine.

The electric drive places new demands on the hydraulic machine to enable more sustainable hydraulic systems: higher efficiency, a broader speed range (lower and higher speeds), multi-quadrant capability, and reduced noise. Lubrication interfaces need to be redesigned for enhanced speed capabilities, and commutation requires attention due to its influence on the noise behaviour. Variable displacement can help downsize the electric machine, but control losses should be reduced compared with conventional displacement control. This thesis aims to support developments on the above-mentioned aspects.

Commercial electro-hydraulic energy converters usually combine hydraulic and electric units by axial stacking. Alternatively, research projects consider the radial integration of the hydraulic machine within the core of the electric machine or downsizing the electric machine using a gearbox. This thesis summarises analytical sizing methods for the active parts of each concept and examines trade-offs between volumes, aspect ratios, masses, and efficiencies.

Finally, noise is a challenge for electrified hydraulic systems. This thesis provides a starting point to investigate the combined noise of hydraulic and electric machines by describing the noise contributors and harmonic frequencies of both machines. Furthermore, the hydraulic noise from different electrically driven pump setups (e.g., speed control, displacement control, multi-pump) is assessed using audio files created from simulated flow pulsations.

Abstract [sv]

Bland mobila arbetsmaskiner ersätts förbränningsmotorer av elmaskiner i allt större utsträckning. Syftet är i regel att minska maskinernas koldioxidavtryck. Elektrifieringen medför flera möjligheter och utmaningar för hydraulsystemet. Den låga verkningsgraden hos konventionella hydraulsystem är inte längre acceptabel på grund av storleken och kostnaden för batterierna som skulle krävas. Genom att nyttja elektriskt drivna pumpar (elektrohydrauliska energiomvandlare) möjliggörs varvtalsstyrning, energiåtervinning och nya systemarkitekturer med mer flexibel styrning. I dagsläget realiseras elektrohydrauliska energiomvandlare oftast genom att koppla samman konventionella hydraul- och elmaskiner som finns på marknaden. Konventionella hydraulmaskiner är dock inte optimerade för att kombineras med elmaskiner, och därför finns utrymme för förbättringar. Denna avhandling angriper två förbättringsområden: utveckling av hydraulmaskiner som bättre matchar egenskaperna hos elmaskiner, och integration av hydraulmaskiner med elmaskiner.

Elektrisk drivning ställer nya krav på hydraulmaskiner: högre verkningsgrad, ökat varvtalsområde (både till lägre och högre varvtal), minskade ljudemissioner, samt multikvadrantkapacitet för energiåtervinning och ökad system-flexibilitet. Variabelt deplacement kan också vara önskvärt då det kan minska storleksbehovet för elmaskinen, men förluster relaterade till deplacementstyrning bör minskas. Denna avhandling syftar till att stödja utvecklingen inom ovan nämnda punkter.

De elektrohydrauliska energiomvandlare som idag finns på marknaden kombinerar hydraul- och elmaskiner genom axiell stapling. Ett alternativ till detta är radiell integration av hydraulmaskinen i kärnan av elmaskinen. Ett annat alternativ är att nyttja en växellåda mellan hydraul- och elmaskinen, vilket möjliggör neddimensionering av elmaskinen. Denna avhandling sammanfattar analytiska dimensioneringsmetoder för de aktiva delarna i varje koncept och syftar till att ge insikter om avvägningarna mellan volymer, längd–diameterförhållande, massor och verkningsgrader.

Ytterligare en aspekt som behandlas i denna avhandling är det kombinerade ljudet från hydraul- och elmaskiner, ett område som ännu inte är väl undersökt. Denna avhandling syftar till att vara en utgångspunkt till detta genom att ge bakgrundsinformation om ljudkällor och harmoniska frekvenser för båda maskinerna. Vidare presenteras resultat från en enkät där det hydrauliska ljudet från olika elektriskt drivna pumpkonfigurationer (t.ex. hastighetsreglering, deplacementsreglering, multipump) har undersökts.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. p. 96
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2483
Keywords
Axial piston machine, E-pump, Electrification, Electro-hydraulic energy converter, Fluid power
National Category
Control Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-219151 (URN)10.3384/9789181182743 (DOI)9789181182736 (ISBN)9789181182743 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-11-28, ACAS, A-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding Agencies: This thesis results from the projects "Electric motor and hydraulic pump fusion", funded by the Swedish Electromobility Centre (grant number 13070), and "E-hydraulics" as well as "E-hydraulics phase II", funded by the Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten, grant numbers P2023-00594 and 50181-1). The industrial collaboration partners were Volvo Construction Equipment, Gnutti Carlo, Volvo Cars, and Epiroc Rock Drills.

Available from: 2025-10-29 Created: 2025-10-29 Last updated: 2025-11-07Bibliographically approved

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Heeger, ThomasKärnell, SamuelEricson, Liselott

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