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Remanufacturing Initiation for Original Equipment Manufacturers
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Environmental Technology and Management. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9484-1959
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Remanufacturing is an industrial process in which a core – a used, discarded, or broken product – is transformed into a product with a like-new specification and condition. However, to this date, remanufacturing activities on the market are few compared to manufacturing. There are several types of remanufacturers; the least common type is the original equipment remanufacturer, an original equipment manufacturer that not only manufactures new products but also remanufactures cores of its own products. Remanufacturing is potentially becoming a more widely used industrial process for original equipment manufacturers, and increased remanufacturing activities can positively contribute to the environment. The contribution comes from a reduction of raw material and energy consumption compared to manufacturing. Therefore, remanufacturing has the potential to decouple environmental impact from economic growth, thus contributing to more sustainable societies. However, assessing the benefits of remanufacturing does not directly correlate to growth within the remanufacturing industry. To encapsulate the environmental, social, and economic benefits of remanufacturing, manufacturers need to be aware of how remanufacturing can be initiated and implemented in practice. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation is to develop support measures for original equipment manufacturers to initiate profitable remanufacturing.

This research takes a stand in case study and transdisciplinary research where the initiation of profitable remanufacturing is studied at two original equipment manufacturers. The research study developed knowledge of how remanufacturing could be incorporated into existing operations at original equipment manufacturers. In parallel, financial assessments based on cost-benefit analysis were built to measure how well the case companies could perform remanufacturing. For the case study research, seven remanufacturing scenarios were developed, ranging from centralised remanufacturing performed by the original equipment manufacturer to decentralised performed at multiple locations using a retail network. Which scenario is preferable depends on, for example, risk-consciousness, cooperation between actors, and volume targets. However, given ideal circumstances, remanufacturing in-house in a centralised scenario was shown to be the most beneficial for the investigated original equipment manufacturer since the fewer middle hands and economies of scale also potentially enable lower costs.

For the transdisciplinary research, the remanufacturing initiation was business model-centric, meaning that the remanufacturing system was a consequence of a decision for a specific business model. Here, a scenario-based analysis was developed to understand under which circumstances the business model with remanufacturing was more lucrative for the provider – the original equipment manufacturer – and less costly for the users – the customers. For this, a systematic assessment approach was developed consisting of three steps: (1) provide a cost overview for each business model, (2) create scenarios by modifying the cost drivers, and (3) combine scenarios to reach synergetic effects.

Based on the case study, two sets of four prerequisites for initiating remanufacturing were derived. These are divided into essential and supporting prerequisites and illustrated through a framework called the Remanufacturing Rocket. The essential prerequisites highlight fundamental requirements to perform remanufacturing. Should one of these four factors be missing, remanufacturing cannot be successfully initiated. The supporting prerequisites are valuable to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the process, such as through streamlined operations, organisational change, or information exchange. Hence, to reach the fullest potential of remanufacturing, both the essential and the supporting prerequisites are needed.

Furthermore, the area of financial assessments was explored in a systematic literature review to identify insights for developing such assessments tailored for individual original equipment manufacturers in initiating remanufacturing. For this, six perspectives for framing financial assessments are proposed. These cover the system boundaries for the assessments as well as the individual needs and visions of original equipment manufacturers. Additionally, a framework was developed to select financial assessment models for remanufacturing initiations based on ease of use and capability to handle complex datasets.

Conclusively, it is proposed to apply the prerequisites for initiating remanufacturing together with a financial assessment in an iterative manner to investigate the profitability for original equipment manufacturers to initiate remanufacturing. The essential prerequisites influence the first iteration of the financial assessment, which then contributes to refinements of how the essential prerequisites should be aligned in an economically preferable way. Once satisfactory, another iterative process could be initiated between the supporting prerequisites and the financial assessment. By using the proposed approach, the prospects of profitable remanufacturing could be thoroughly investigated before attempting to initiate a process in practice, thus reducing the number of resources spent in vain. Additionally, the iterative process was integrated into a 5-step Approach For Initiating Remanufacturing (5AFIR) to guide original equipment manufacturers towards initiating profitable remanufacturing.

Abstract [de]

Refabrikation (oder Wiederaufbereitung, engl. Remanufacturing) ist ein industrieller Prozess, bei dem ein Altteil – ein gebrauchtes, ausrangiertes, verschlissenes oder defektes Produkt – gemäß den Herstellerspezifikationen in einen neuwertigen Zustand gebracht wird. Heutzutage macht Refabrikation allerdings nur einen kleinen Teil der Fertigungsindustrie aus. Verschiedene Arten von Unternehmen betreiben Refabrikation, wobei Originalgerätehersteller, sogenannte OEMs (engl. für Original Equipment Manufacturer), am seltensten sind. Solche OEMs betreiben neben Produktion auch eine Wiederaufbereitung ihrer eigenen Produkte. Refabrikation kann sowohl ökologische als auch ökonomische Vorteile bringen und hat somit grundsätzlich hohes Marktpotential. Der geringere Rohstoff- und Energieverbrauch von Refabrikation im Vergleich zu Neuproduktion ist ein Beispiel für ökologischen Vorteil. Refabrikation ermöglicht außerdem, negative Umweltauswirkungen durch Produktion und Wirtschaftswachstum voneinander unabhängig zu machen und trägt somit zu nachhaltigem Wachstum bei. Allerdings hängt der Nutzen von Refabrikation nicht direkt mit dem Wachstum innerhalb der Refabrikationsbranche zusammen. Um die ökologischen, sozialen und ökonomischen Vorteile nutzen zu können, müssen Hersteller Kompetenz zur praktischen Umsetzung von Refabrikation aufbauen. Ziel dieser Dissertation ist daher die Entwicklung von Unterstützungsmaßnahmen und -konzepten für OEMs, die zu profitabler Refabrikation führen.

Diese Arbeit basiert auf einer Fallstudie und auf transdisziplinärer Forschung, bei der die Einführung von profitabler Refabrikation bei zwei OEMs untersucht wurde. Die Fallstudie lieferte Erkenntnisse darüber, wie Refabrikation in bestehende Abläufe bei OEMs integriert werden kann. Außerdem wurden finanzielle Bewertungskriterien auf der Grundlage einer Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse erstellt, um messen zu können, wie erfolgreich die untersuchten Unternehmen Refabrikation implementieren könnten. Für die Fallstudie wurden sieben Refabrikationsszenarien entwickelt, die von zentraler Refabrikation durch das OEM bis zu dezentraler Refabrikation an mehreren Standorten durch ein Netzwerk von Niederlassungen reichen. Welches der Szenarien vorzuziehen ist, hängt beispielsweise vom Risikobewusstsein, der Zusammenarbeit der Akteure und den angestrebten Stückzahlen ab. Unter idealen Umständen erwies sich die unternehmensinterne Refabrikation mit zentralisierter Struktur als das vorteilhafteste Szenario. Für die untersuchten OEMs führten weniger Zwischenhändler und Größenvorteile zu geringeren Kosten.

In der transdisziplinären Forschung dieser Dissertation wurde davon ausgegangen, dass das Refabrikationssystem aus der Entscheidung für ein bestimmtes Geschäftsmodell folgt. Basierend auf verschiedenen Szenarien wurde analysiert, unter welchen Umständen das Geschäftsmodell inklusive Refabrikation für den Anbieter (OEM) lukrativer und für die Anwender (Kunden) kostengünstiger war. Hierzu wurde ein systematisches Bewertungsschema entwickelt, das aus drei Schritten besteht: (1) Bereitstellung einer Kostenübersicht für jedes Geschäftsmodell, (2) Erstellung von Szenarien durch Modifikation der Kostentreiber und (3) Kombination von Szenarien, um Synergieeffekte zu erzielen.

Anforderungen für die Einführung von Refabrikation wurden auf Basis der Fallstudie abgeleitet. Diese sind in vier essentielle und vier unterstützende Anforderungen eingeteilt und werden durch ein Modell namens Refabrikationsrakete veranschaulicht. Die essentiellen Anforderungen sind grundlegend für die Durchführung von Refabrikation. Ist eine dieser vier Anforderungen nicht erfüllt, kann Refabrikation nicht erfolgreich umgesetzt werden. Die unterstützenden Anforderungen steigern die Effektivität und Effizienz des Einführungsprozesses, beispielsweise durch optimierte Abläufe, organisatorische Änderungen oder Informationsaustausch. Um das volle Potenzial von Refabrikation auszuschöpfen, müssen sowohl die essentiellen als auch die unterstützenden Anforderungen erfüllt werden.

Wirtschaftliche Bewertungskriterien wurden im Rahmen einer systematischen Literaturrecherche betrachtet. Ziel der Recherche war es, Erkenntnisse für die Entwicklung solcher Bewertungskriterien zu erlangen. Die Kriterien sollen dabei auf einzelne OEMs und die Einführung von Refabrikation zugeschnitten sein. In dieser Arbeit werden sechs Ansätze für die Entwicklung wirtschaftlicher Bewertungskriterien vorgeschlagen. Diese Ansätze behandeln sowohl Systemgrenzen für die Bewertungskriterien als auch individuelle Bedürfnisse und Ziele der OEM. Darüber hinaus wurde ein Rahmenwerk entwickelt, um wirtschaftliche Bewertungskriterien auf Basis ihrer Benutzerfreundlichkeit und ihrer Fähigkeit zur Bewältigung komplexer Datenmengen auszuwählen.

Abschließend wird vorgeschlagen, die Anforderungen für die Einführung von Refabrikation zusammen mit einer wirtschaftlichen Bewertung iterativ zu prüfen, um die Rentabilität von Refabrikation für OEMs zu analysieren. Die essentiellen Anforderungen beeinflussen die erste Iterationsschleife der wirtschaftlichen Bewertung. In dieser ersten Schleife wird verfeinert, wie die Grundanforderungen wirtschaftlich sinnvoll kombiniert werden können. Es folgt eine zweite Iterationsschleife zwischen den unterstützenden Anforderungen und der finanziellen Bewertung. Mit diesem Vorgehen kann das Potential einer rentablen Refabrikation gründlich untersucht werden bevor mit der Realisierung begonnen wird. Dadurch können eventuell erfolglose Einführungsversuche vermieden und vergeblich aufgewendete Ressourcen reduziert werden. Der iterative Prozess wurde in einen 5-stufigen Modell zur Einführung von Refabrikation (5AFIR) zusammengefasst.

Abstract [sv]

Återtillverkning är en industriell process där en stomme – en använd, uttjänt eller trasig produkt – omformas till en produkt vars specifikation och kvalitet motsvarar nyskick. Idag utgör återtillverkning endast en liten del av den totala tillverkningsindustrin. Det finns flera typer av återtillverkare; den ovanligaste är originaltillverkande återtillverkare, det vill säga, ett tillverkande företag som även återtillverkar sina egna produkter. Genom den låga grad av återtillverkning bland originaltillverkare idag finns det utrymme för att verka för en ökning. En sådan ökning kan bidra till miljömässiga fördelar genom att mängden råmaterial och energi reduceras jämfört med nytillverkning. Det finns därför en möjlighet för återtillverkning att bidra till en frikoppling av miljömässig påverkan från ekonomisk tillväxt, vilket i sin tur bidrar till ett mer hållbart samhälle. Fast att endast värdera nyttan av återtillverkning leder inte direkt till en tillväxt inom återtillverkningsindustrin. För att omfamna de miljömässiga, sociala och ekonomiska nyttor som återtillverkning kan bidra med måste originaltillverkare vara medvetna om hur återtillverkning kan initieras och implementeras i praktiken på ett ekonomiskt lönsamt sätt. Denna doktorsavhandlings syfte är därför att utveckla stöd för originaltillverkare att initiera lönsam återtillverkning.

Forskningen utgår från en fallstudie och transdisciplinär forskningsmetodik där initieringen av lönsam återtillverkning studeras vid två originaltillverkare. Den utförda forskningen utvecklade kunskap om hur återtillverkning kan integrerats i en originaltillverkares befintliga verksamhet. Parallellt med detta utvecklades ekonomiska utvärderingsmetoder för att tillhandahålla ett mått på hur väl fallföretagen skulle kunna utföra återtillverkning. För fallstudien utvecklades det sju återtillverkningsscenarion som sträcker sig från centraliserad återtillverkning, som utförs av originaltillverkaren, till decentraliserad, som utförs vid flertalet platser inom ett återförsäljarnätverk. Vilket scenario som var mest fördelaktigt berodde exempelvis på riskmedvetenhet, samarbete mellan aktörer, och tillverkningsvolym. Men givet ideala förhållanden visades det att centraliserad återtillverkning vore potentiellt mest fördelaktigt för fallföretaget, eftersom färre mellanhänder och stordriftsfördelar möjliggör lägre kostnader.

För det andra fallföretagets initieringen av återtillverkning vid tillämpning av den transdisciplinära forskningsmetodiken var det ett affärsmodellsfokus, vilket innebar att återtillverkningssystemet var en konsekvens av ett beslut för en viss affärsmodell. I denna del av forskningen utvecklades en scenariobaserad analysmetod för att förstå under vilka förhållanden som affärsmodellen tillsammans med återtillverkning vore mer lukrativt för företaget – originaltillverkaren – och mindre kostsamt för användaren – kunden. För detta utvecklades en systematisk ansats för ekonomiska utvärderingar bestående av tre steg: (1) tillhandahåll en kostnadsöverblick för varje affärsmodell, (2) skapa scenarion genom att modifiera kostnadsdrivarna, och (3) kombinera scenarion för att uppnå synergieffekter.

Med utgångspunkt i fallstudien utvecklades även faktorer för att forma krav för hur originaltillverkare kan initiera återtillverkning. Dessa faktorer delas upp i grundläggande och stödjande kravställningar, och de bygger tillsammans upp ett ramverk benämnt Återtillverkningsraketen. De grundläggande kravställningarna lyfter fram elementära krav vid utförandet av återtillverkning och om en av de fyra skulle saknas kan återtillverkning inte utföras på ett framgångsrikt sätt. De stödjande kravställningarna är av värde för att förbättra återtillverkningseffektiviteten genom exempelvis bekymmersfritt utförande av processer, organisationsförändringar, eller informationsutbyten. Därigenom, för att nå den fulla potentialen av återtillverkning, behövs både de grundläggande och de stödjande kravställningarna.

Dessutom utforskades området för ekonomiska utvärderingsmetoder i en systematisk litteraturgenomgång för att identifiera insikter för att utveckla sådana metoder skräddarsydda för individuella originaltillverkare som initierar återtillverkning. För ändamålet föreslås sex perspektiv för att forma ekonomiska utvärderingsmetoder. Dessa täcker såväl systemgränserna för utvärderingarna som individuella behov och visioner hos originaltillverkare. För att vidare stödja företagen utvecklades ett ramverk för att välja ekonomiska utvärderingsmetoder för initieringar av återtillverkning baserat på användarvänlighet och förmåga att hantera komplexa datamängder.

Slutligen föreslås det att tillämpa de framtagna kravställningarna tillsammans med ekonomisk utvärdering genom att iterativt undersöka möjligheterna för hur återtillverkning kan initieras för originaltillverkare. De grundläggande kravställningarna influerar upplägget för den första iterationen av den ekonomiska utvärderingen, vilken i sin tur nyttjas för att förfina hur de grundläggande kravställningarna kan läggas samman på ett ekonomiskt fördelaktigt sätt. När en godtagbar nivå uppnåtts kan ytterligare en iterativ process utföras mellan de stödjande kravställningarna och den ekonomiska värderingen. Genom att tillämpa det föreslagna tillvägagångssättet kan möjligheterna för återtillverkning undersökas på en detaljerad nivå innan initieringsförsök i praktiken, och såldes kan mängden slösade resurser minskas. Utöver detta integrerades det iterativa tillvägagångssättet med en 5-stegsansats för initiering av återtillverkning (5AFIR).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. , p. 100
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2386
Keywords [en]
Remanufacturing, Circular economy, Value-retention process, Financial assessment, Initiation, Prerequisite, Business model, Product-as-a-Service, Transformation
Keywords [de]
Refabrikation, Kreislaufwirtschaft, Werterhaltungsprozess, Wirtschaftliche Bewertung, Einführung, Voraussetzung, Geschäftsmodell, Product-as-a-Service, Umwandlung
Keywords [sv]
Återtillverkning, Cirkulär ekonomi, Värdebevarande process, Ekonomisk utvärdering, Initiering, Affärsmodell, Produkt-som-en-tjänst, Transformation
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-203146DOI: 10.3384/9789180756280ISBN: 9789180756273 (print)ISBN: 9789180756280 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-203146DiVA, id: diva2:1855071
Public defence
2024-06-10, ACAS, A Building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding agencies:

The VINNOVA Challenge-driven innovation initiative and the project ElevatoRe: Elevate remanufacturing to EEE manufacturers’ strategytowards circular economy (Dnr: 2018-00330)

The Swedish Energy Agency through the Remometer project, dnr 2019-021532, within the strategic innovation programme RE:Source

The Mistra REES (Resource-Efficient and Effective Solutions) programme (Grant No. 2014/16), funded by Mistra (The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research)

The SCANDERE (Scaling up a circular economy business model by new design, leaner remanufacturing, and automated material recycling technologies) project granted from the ERA-MIN3 programme under grant number 101003575 and funded by VINNOVA, Sweden’s Innovation Agency (No. 2022-00070)

The RE:think (Rethink and improve product design and service cost for circular economy business models) project funded by Energimyndigheten (Swedish Energy Agency) (Project Number P2022-00342)

Available from: 2024-04-29 Created: 2024-04-29 Last updated: 2024-11-18Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Prerequisite factors for original equipment manufacturer remanufacturing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Prerequisite factors for original equipment manufacturer remanufacturing
2020 (English)In: Journal of Cleaner Production, ISSN 0959-6526, E-ISSN 1879-1786, Vol. 270, p. 1-11, article id 122309Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Natural resources are being depleted at an alarming rate, also resulting in increased emissions and pollution. The call for a circular economy and sustainable strategies is now louder than ever. Remanufacturing can alleviate our environmental impact while still providing opportunities for profitable business. However, there is a need for a framework detailing the necessary steps for a successful remanufacturing start-up. This paper aims to identify the essential and supportive factors an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) must consider when transitioning part of its business to remanufacturing. Such factors could aid both current actors in the industrial setting as well as make way for further investigations and more advanced frameworks from the scientific field. The task is carried out through a novel combination of prior research on production development and remanufacturing, with support from a case study performed at an electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) manufacturer. This paper concludes that the first essential factors to be addressed when switching orientation towards remanufacturing can be contained in four categories: core acquisition and reverse logistics, labor skill and availability, remanufacturing facilities, and remanufacturing process and technology. Secondary supporting factors include design for remanufacturing and information feedback, remanufacturing process improvements, remanufacturing market knowledge, and organization, planning and control.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
Keywords
Remanufacturing, Remanufacturing transition, Production development, Production system, Circular economy
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-168127 (URN)10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122309 (DOI)000579071300041 ()2-s2.0-85087109075 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Vinnova, 2018-00330
Note

Funding agencies: case company, Husqvarna AB; VINNOVA Challenge-driven innovation initiativeVinnova; project ElevatoRe: Elevate remanufacturing to EEE manufacturers strategy towards circular economy [2018-00330]

Available from: 2020-08-17 Created: 2020-08-17 Last updated: 2024-04-29Bibliographically approved
2. Areas investigated when initiating OEM remanufacturing – a case of robotic lawn mowers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Areas investigated when initiating OEM remanufacturing – a case of robotic lawn mowers
2023 (English)In: Procedia CIRP, E-ISSN 2212-8271, Vol. 116, p. 600-605Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The remanufacturing activities on the market are increasing as more companies follow the trend of applying resource-efficient solutions. This trend is also seen among original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) when closing their resource flows. However, as there are few descriptions of how OEMs initiate remanufacturing in practice, there is also little guidance for them to follow. Therefore, to support OEMs in initiating remanufacturing, the aim of this paper is to describe areas investigated during a remanufacturing initiation. This is conducted by studying an OEM of robotic lawn mowers without prior remanufacturing experience and then describing the undertaken journey from primarily producing new products to also offering remanufactured products. The study describes four areas of investigation at the OEM: (1) Select products for remanufacturing, (2) develop the remanufacturing process, (3) determine the quality of remanufactured products, and (4) perform sales activities. These areas are elaborated on to show the considerations of the OEM during the initiation. Based on the findings, the importance of viewing the remanufacturing initiation phases as a system of parallel activities rather than a linear chain is emphasised for future development of guiding remanufacturing initiation frameworks.

Keywords
Transition, Remanufacturing, Circular economy, Shift, Value-retention
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics Economics and Business
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-193159 (URN)10.1016/j.procir.2023.02.101 (DOI)
Conference
The 30th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering Conference, New Brunswick, New Jersey, May 15-17, 2023
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 2019‐021532Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, 2014/16
Available from: 2023-04-18 Created: 2023-04-18 Last updated: 2024-09-04
3. 5‐step approach for initiating remanufacturing (5AFIR)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>5‐step approach for initiating remanufacturing (5AFIR)
2023 (English)In: Business Strategy and the Environment, ISSN 0964-4733, E-ISSN 1099-0836, Vol. 32, no 7, p. 4360-4370Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Despite remanufacturing being a value-retention process capable of bringing both economic and environmental benefits to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), the remanufacturing market is small, and the OEM share on the market is even smaller. There are trends in OEMs hesitating to initiate remanufacturing due to the lack of knowledge or often unjustified assumptions about how remanufacturing affects their business-as-usual. To further motivate OEMs to initiate remanufacturing, there is a need to extend the remanufacturing initiation theory to showcase how remanufacturing could be initiated in practice. Therefore, this paper aims to describe a remanufacturing initiation and demonstrate the initiation steps for OEMs by developing a remanufacturing initiation framework. The framework is developed based on a remanufacturing initiation led by an OEM of robotic lawn mowers. Based on the case study, a 5-step approach for initiating remanufacturing (5AFIR) framework—the remanufacturing sapphire—was developed to interpret and visualise the remanufacturing approach taken at the studied OEM. The framework steps consist of the following: (1) Select a product family, (2) involve actors prone to be impacted by remanufacturing, (3) iteratively identify prerequisites and assess the system performance, (4) develop a plan and industrialise remanufacturing, and (5) refine and validate the assessment in Step 3.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc., 2023
Keywords
Circular economy, Framework, Industrialisation, Original equipment manufacturer, Remanufacturing, Shift, Transition, Value-retention
National Category
Economics and Business Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-191023 (URN)10.1002/bse.3369 (DOI)000915441000001 ()2-s2.0-85146352230 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 2019‐021532Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, 2014/16
Available from: 2023-01-16 Created: 2023-01-16 Last updated: 2024-11-28Bibliographically approved
4. Assessing the profitability of remanufacturing initiation: a literature review
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessing the profitability of remanufacturing initiation: a literature review
2024 (English)In: Journal of Remanufacturing, ISSN 2210-4690, Vol. 14, no 1, p. 69-92Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Remanufacturing has been modelled extensively from an economic perspective. However, there are relatively few studies focusing on models that consider the implementation difficulties in industry, such as data availability and model transparency. This paper aims to identify how remanufacturing initiations can be economically assessed with models particularly suitable for industry. These models should contribute to disseminating the know-how about initiating remanufacturing to transit industries towards more circular product flows. To fulfil this aim, a systematic literature review was conducted. The search resulted in a total of 964 papers published till August 2021. The results show that assessment models could be categorised into a two-dimensional framework indicating the level of computer support needed to handle the models and the level of data requirements to use the models, both of which are considered essential in the industrial implementation of the models. The review revealed and structured a further need for research on assessing remanufacturing initiation profitability, especially on economic assessment models designed to assist industries without previous remanufacturing knowledge in such an initiation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2024
Keywords
Circular economy, Closed-loop supply chain, Financial, Transition, Remanufacturing, Value retention
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics Business Administration
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-197348 (URN)10.1007/s13243-023-00132-1 (DOI)2-s2.0-85169302935 (Scopus ID)
Projects
RemometerMistra REES (Resource-Efficient and Effective Solutions)
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, dnr 2019-021532Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, Grant No. 2014/16
Available from: 2023-09-01 Created: 2023-09-01 Last updated: 2024-04-29
5. Supporting the Transformation to Access-Based Business Models in a Circular Economy with a Practical Model for Calculating the Costs of the Provider
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Supporting the Transformation to Access-Based Business Models in a Circular Economy with a Practical Model for Calculating the Costs of the Provider
2024 (English)In: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. Volume 52: Sustainable Production through Advanced Manufacturing, Intelligent Automation and Work Integrated Learning, Trollhättan, Sverige: IOS Press, 2024, Vol. 52, p. 532-542Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In a transformation to becoming more circular, many original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are investigating the potential of transferring product ownership from the user to the provider, thus enabling access-based business models. Such a new model also makes the product life cycle cost borne by the provider, meaning that the OEM gains an interest in reducing the life cycle cost and prolonging the life cycle for its own benefit. In this study, a case OEM is in such a transformation and postpones the end-of-life through refurbishment and remanufacturing. However, to launch the access-based business model, the OEM needs to understand its new cash flows. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to show how an OEM has been supported by a model for calculating the product life cycle costs when transforming to an access-based business model. Through applying transdisciplinary research, a calculation model was developed in close collaboration with an OEM to calculate and visualise the product life cycle costs. The study also shows how the remanufacturing cost can be estimated based on existing repair and maintenance data. Furthermore, the importance of developing decision-making insights to persuade upper management that the new circular practices can provide boosted profitability is highlighted.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trollhättan, Sverige: IOS Press, 2024
Keywords
Remanufacturing, Refurbishment, Assessment, Total cost of ownership, Circular economy
National Category
Business Administration Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-202431 (URN)10.3233/ATDE240195 (DOI)001229990300058 ()
Conference
The 11th Swedish Production Symposium, April 23–26, 2024
Projects
Mistra REESSCANDERE (ERA-MIN3 program grant number 101003575)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 101003575Vinnova, No. 2022-00070Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, Grant No. 2014/16
Note

Funding Agencies|Mistra REES (Resource-Efficient and Effective Solutions) program [2014/16]; Mistra (The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research); SCANDERE (Scaling up a circular economy business model by new design, leaner remanufacturing, and automated material recycling technologies) [101003575]; VINNOVA, Sweden's Innovation Agency [2022-00070]

Available from: 2024-04-11 Created: 2024-04-11 Last updated: 2024-11-15Bibliographically approved
6. How can manufacturers identify the conditions for financially viable product-as-a-service?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>How can manufacturers identify the conditions for financially viable product-as-a-service?
2024 (English)In: Frontiers in Manufacturing Technology, E-ISSN 2813-0359, Vol. 4, article id 1498189Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

With the much-needed transformation from linear to more circular resource flows, it is imperative for enterprises to understand their financial prospects. Transforming towards Product-as-a-Service (PaaS) with circular elements introduces new considerations that must be addressed to ensure profitability and sustainability. However, there is a lack of comprehensive financial assessments based on empirical cases to guide companies in assessing the lucrativeness of their transformations. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a simple-to-use and flexible financial assessment model for PaaS, helping practitioners identify the conditions necessary for financial viability from both provider and user perspectives. Grounded in transdisciplinary research, this study focuses on a construction machine manufacturer's transformation from a traditional one-off sales business model to PaaS. The transformation is analysed through the development of a life cycle costing financial assessment model that addresses relevant cost drivers. Using discounting methods, the model can help practitioners generate scenarios to identify feasible solutions for profitable PaaS setups. Additionally, the paper presents an analytical procedure to identify conditions for a financially viable PaaS. The procedure includes scenario-based analysis that accounts for systemic changes often necessary for successfully realising PaaS. By following the proposed procedure, along with the financial assessment model, manufacturers can streamline their financial assessments to identify necessary changes. For the analysed case company, the modelling results indicate that it must redesign its products for PaaS to outperform its previous business model.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media S.A., 2024
Keywords
Product-service system (PSS), Transformation, Assessment, Circular business model, Sustainability, Remanufacturing
National Category
Business Administration Environmental Management
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-209004 (URN)10.3389/fmtec.2024.1498189 (DOI)
Projects
Mistra REESSCANDERE (ERA-MIN3 program grant number 101003575)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 101003575Vinnova, No. 2022-00070Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, Grant No. 2014/16
Available from: 2024-10-31 Created: 2024-10-31 Last updated: 2025-03-14
7. Assessing an EEE manufacturer's economic benefit with remanufacturing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessing an EEE manufacturer's economic benefit with remanufacturing
2021 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

An integration of remanufacturing into an original equipment manufacturer’s (OEM) value chain can enhance circularity. In order to realize a transition towards circularity, it must be economically beneficial. This paper aims to compare and economically evaluate several remanufacturing scenarios with varied retailer involvement, to identify how an electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) manufacturer can perform remanufacturing profitably. To meet the aim of this paper, data was gathered through more than 50 semi-structured and unstructured interviews, including workshops with a robotic lawn mower manufacturer and eight of its retailers in Sweden, and through a literature review in the fields of remanufacturing, acquisition of cores (used products), and sales of remanufactured products. The scenarios consist of a decentralized, with minor or no involvement of an OEM, and six centralized, where an OEM manages remanufacturing. Here, looking at a case of the centralized scenario, the remanufacturing process is performed at the OEM manufacturing plant in a European low-wage country, while cores are acquired in Sweden. This research concludes that the OEM’s economic benefits are greater in remanufacturing scenarios with low involvement of retailers. However, succeeding with acquisition and sales without retailers requires establishing new retail channels, which also leads to uncertainties.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021
Series
Procedia CIRP, ISSN 2212-8271 ; 98
Keywords
Remanufacturing, Economic benefit, Circular economy, Product life-cycle, Product-service system, Value-retention process
National Category
Mechanical Engineering Economics and Business
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-174334 (URN)10.1016/j.procir.2021.01.013 (DOI)2-s2.0-85102646308 (Scopus ID)
Conference
28th CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, Jaipur, India, March 10-12, 2021
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 2019-021532
Available from: 2021-03-19 Created: 2021-03-19 Last updated: 2024-08-23Bibliographically approved

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