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Forerunner city or net-zero opportunist?: Carbon dioxide removal in Stockholm, residual emissions and risks of mitigation deterrence
Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research, CSPR. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. (LUNETs)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2878-8656
Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research, CSPR. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. (LUNETs)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9163-3115
Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research, CSPR. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. (LUNETs)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1156-8748
Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research, CSPR. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
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2024 (English)In: Energy Research & Social Science, ISSN 2214-6296, E-ISSN 2214-6326, Vol. 113, article id 103567Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Sustainable development
Fossil fuels
Abstract [en]

The City of Stockholm aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2030 by compensating for residual emissions using bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Relying heavily on negative emissions to reach the target, the city's strategy presents an interesting case of net-zero climate policymaking. Based on the analysis of interviews, City Council debates, and policy documents, the Stockholm case underscores the importance of understanding municipal climate policy in a multi-level policy setting, where the ability to govern emissions varies heavily between sectors depending on politics and policy at other levels of governance. Both waste incineration and road transport are perceived to include hard-to-abate emissions in 2030, partly due to governance linkages involving regional, national, and EU-level governing bodies. The energy utility, Stockholm Exergi, plans to implement BECCS, with funding from the EU and other public and private sources, at a heat and power plant. The unique opportunity to use BECCS as part of the city's net-zero target has made it possible to advance the net-zero goal from 2040 to 2030. However, there are risks that relying on BECCS may muffle public debate on what constitutes residual emissions in the city, subsequently leading to smaller municipal investments in emission reductions. Additionally, there are risks that the schedule for implementing BECCS is overly optimistic, meaning goal fulfilment may be threatened. However, this risk is not isolated to BECCS; similar risks are associated with combining fossil fuels with CCS. We recommend that the city critically examines the residual emissions, considers separate targets instead of a net-zero goal, and conducts risk assessments of key mitigation technologies to maintain its status as climate policy forerunner.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024. Vol. 113, article id 103567
Keywords [en]
Multi-level governance, Carbon dioxide removal (CDR), Residual emissions, Mitigation deterrence, Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), Net zero, Stockholm
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-203195DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103567ISI: 001235027800001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85191575258OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-203195DiVA, id: diva2:1855700
Projects
LUNETs
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2020-00396Swedish Energy Agency, P2022-01125Swedish Energy Agency, 46036-1Swedish Energy Agency, EUR 900000European Commission, 2022-04-25
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Energy Agency [46036-1, P2022-01125]; Swedish Research Council Formas [2020-00396]

Available from: 2024-05-02 Created: 2024-05-02 Last updated: 2024-06-12Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Promises and Pitfalls of Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage: Actors' Perspectives, Challenges, and Mitigation Deterrence in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Promises and Pitfalls of Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage: Actors' Perspectives, Challenges, and Mitigation Deterrence in Sweden
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Löften och fallgropar med bioenergi med koldioxidavskiljning och lagring : Aktörers perspektiv, utmaningar och mitigation deterrence i Sverige
Abstract [en]

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) methods, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), have gained traction in international climate policy arenas to meet net-zero goals. Even though companies operating facilities with large point sources of biogenic emissions, such as pulp and paper industries and energy utilities, could implement carbon capture, there are few studies that take a bottomup perspective to study these key actors. With more large point sources of biogenic emissions than any other country in Europe, Sweden has theoretical potential to implement BECCS. The Swedish Government seeks to leverage this potential to reach net-zero emissions by 2045. The aim of this thesis is to examine challenges for the implementation of BECCS in Sweden to contribute to sustainability transitions, and to analyze the prospect for deploying BECCS through the lens of mitigation deterrence. This lens is a way to study risks of foregone emissions, overshoots, and rebound effects when relying on a future carbon removal method such as BECCS. This thesis studies how BECCS is socially constructed by key actors in Sweden by analyzing perspectives held by companies, civil servants, political parties, and other key actors, through interviews and focus groups. This study also analyzes how plans to include BECCS impact net-zero strategies in Stockholm, the first city to have a pilot and demonstration facility for BECCS in Europe. Even though the Swedish Government has already been co-financing research and development on BECCS, there is very little planning regarding transport and storage of carbon dioxide. Key actors suggest that neighboring Norway is a logical starting point for geological storage. Therefore, this study includes a literature review on geological storage in the North Sea and Norway to problematize some of the complexities with storage. Based on the empirical material, the main challenges for implementing BECCS in Sweden include: (1) unclear distribution of responsibility for BECCS in sustainability transitions; (2) insufficient financial support, enabling policies, and structure for governing BECCS; and (3) transport and storage uncertainties. These challenges combine to create risks of mitigation deterrence, in the form of policymakers’ overoptimism towards the potential of BECCS. Furthermore, relying on BECCS can lead to less focus on minimizing residual emissions from other sectors. Since Sweden faces several challenges in implementing BECCS, this shows that the global promises for BECCS are more difficult to realize than is often portrayed by integrated assessment models.

Abstract [sv]

För att uppnå nettonollmål har koldioxidinfångningsmetoder, såsom bioenergi med koldioxidavskiljning och lagring (bio-CCS), fått fotfäste inom internationell klimatpolitik. Även om företag som driver anläggningar med stora punktkällor av biogena utsläpp, såsom massa- och pappersindustrin och energiföretagen, skulle kunna implementera koldioxidavskiljning, finns det få studier som tar ett bottomup- perspektiv för att studera dessa centrala aktörer. Med fler stora punktkällor av biogena utsläpp än något annat land i Europa, har Sverige teoretisk potential att genomföra bio-CCS. Den svenska regeringen strävar efter att utnyttja denna potential för att nå landets nettonollmål år 2045. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka utmaningarna för en implementering av bio-CCS i Sverige för att bidra till energiomställningen, samt att analysera en implementering av bio-CCS genom en "mitigation deterrence"-lins. Denna lins kan användas för att studera risker för att möjligheter till utsläppsminskningar försakas, överträdelser av utsläppsnivåer och återverkningar av när man förlitar sig på en framtida koldioxidinfångningsmetod som bio-CCS. Genom att analysera perspektiv från företag, tjänstemän, politiska partier och andra centrala aktörer, och med intervjuer och fokusgrupper, studeras i denna avhandling hur bio-CCS socialkonstrueras av centrala aktörer i Sverige. I studien analyseras även hur planer för att inkludera bio-CCS påverkar nettonollstrategier i Stockholm, den första staden i Europa med en pilot- och demonstrationsanläggning för bio-CCS. Trots att den svenska regeringen redan har samfinansierat forskning och utveckling av bio-CCS finns det väldigt begränsat med planering avseende transport och lagring av koldioxid. Centrala aktörer föreslår Norge som en startpunkt för geologisk lagring. Därför inkluderar denna studie en litteraturgenomgång av geologisk lagring i Nordsjön och Norge för att problematisera några av dess komplexiteter. Baserat på det empiriska materialet är de huvudsakliga utmaningarna för bio-CCS i Sverige: (1) oklar fördelning av ansvaret för bio-CCS i energiomställningen; (2) otillräckligt ekonomiskt stöd, möjliggörande policyer och struktur för styrning av bio-CCS; och (3) osäkerheter kring transport och lagring. Dessa utmaningar kombinerade, skapar risker för ”mitigation deterrence” på grund av beslutsfattarnas överoptimism gällande bio-CCS potential. Dessutom kan förlitan på bio-CCS leda till mindre fokus på minimerandet av kvarvarande utsläpp från andra sektorer. Mot bakgrund av att Sverige står inför flera utmaningar i planeringen för att implementera bio-CCS visar detta att de globala löftena för bio-CCS är svårare att förverkliga än vad som ofta framställs av integrerade bedömningsmodeller.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. p. 127
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 874
Keywords
Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), Negative emission technologies (NETs), Carbon dioxide removal (CDR), Sustainability transitions, Mitigation deterrence, Sweden, Bioenergi med koldioxidavskiljning och lagring (bio-CCS), Negativa utsläpp, Koldioxidinfångningsmetoder, Energiomställningen, Mitigation deterrence, Sverige
National Category
Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-200188 (URN)10.3384/9789180754873 (DOI)9789180754866 (ISBN)9789180754873 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-02-16, TEMCAS, Building T, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding agency: The work has been carried out within the scope of the Graduate School in Energy Systems (FoES) [46036-1] financed by the Swedish Energy Agency.

Available from: 2024-01-15 Created: 2024-01-15 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved

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Olsson, AlexanderRodriguez, EmilyHansson, AndersJansson, SigridFridahl, Mathias

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