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Decision-making during training of a Swedish navy command and control team: a quantitative study of workload effects
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Naval Warfare Ctr, Sweden.
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Regionledningskontoret, Center for Disaster Medicine and Traumatology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1383-375X
Univ Borås, Sweden; Ctr Def Med, Sweden.
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2025 (English)In: Cognitive Processing, ISSN 1612-4782, E-ISSN 1612-4790, Vol. 26, no 2, p. 303-318Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The study compared two simulation environments for training of Swedish naval Command and Control teams by using indirect measures, including workload, combat readiness, and situation awareness. The literature explains simulation-based training as providing a safe avenue to practice relevant scenarios. Fidelity, the degree of realism in the simulation, and workload, the equilibrium between demands and assigned tasks, are crucial factors examined in this study of low- and high-fidelity naval simulations. This study was conducted to better understand the effects of various training methods. An experimental design with repeated measures was used with three consecutive escalating parts. The subjective, multidimensional assessment tool, NASA-Task Load Index was used to rate perceived workload. Combat readiness of the ship and mental demand yielded significant results. For combat readiness of the ship, there was a difference between the low and the high-fidelity setting, for the initial part of the scenario p = 0.037 and for the second part p = 0.028. Mental demand was experienced as higher in the low-fidelity setting, p = 0.036. Notably, the simulated internal battle training for onboard command teams in a low-fidelity setting was found to induce a level of stress comparable with that experienced in a high-fidelity setting. The results indicate that low-fidelity training results in a workload not distinguishable from high-fidelity training and has practical implications for increased use of low-fidelity training as part of (naval) command team training programmes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG , 2025. Vol. 26, no 2, p. 303-318
Keywords [en]
Simulations; Workload; Team training; Command and control
National Category
Applied Psychology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-210043DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01242-9ISI: 001353842900001PubMedID: 39535672Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85208959901OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-210043DiVA, id: diva2:1916333
Note

Funding Agencies|Linkoping University

Available from: 2024-11-27 Created: 2024-11-27 Last updated: 2026-03-30
In thesis
1. Stress among naval personnel: Swedish naval forces' workload and demands when participating in training and naval operations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Stress among naval personnel: Swedish naval forces' workload and demands when participating in training and naval operations
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Swedish naval forces personnel operate continuously under demanding and unpredictable conditions. When on naval operations, employees are exposed to stressful challenges in a constantly moving environment. Training is important to maintain and increase preparedness and can be performed in different ways, for example, in different simulation environments or settings, and the level of realism in the scenario, referred to as low or high fidelity, can vary.

Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to explore stress and the experience of stress during training and naval operations, foreign and domestic, by measuring workload and demands of Swedish naval forces personnel.

Methods: This thesis comprises five studies. Studies I and II were qualitative, using individual notes of events during an international deployment and in-depth interviews 8 months later. Both studies explored stressors and coping among members of the Swedish naval specialized boarding element. Content analysis was used in the first study, and constant comparative analysis in the second. Studies III, IV and V were quantitative. Study III examined workload among Swedish Special Forces operators during stress week using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). The different tasks were compared using ANOVA. Study IV investigated workload, combat readiness and situation awareness in a naval command and control (C2) team exposed to low- and high-fidelity simulation-based training (SBT), using repeated measures and non-parametric analyses. Study V assessed perceived learning in the same C2 team during low- and high-fidelity SBT using a within-group design. ANOVA, descriptive statistics with means and standard deviation were used for the analysis.

Results: Studies I and II highlighted the importance of preparedness, particularly leadership and team cohesion, for managing stress during naval operations. In Study III, firefighting scenarios generated a higher workload than medical scenarios, likely due to differences in previous training. Studies IV and V showed that low-fidelity SBT produced comparable workload and supported learning similarly to high-fidelity training, indicating cost-effectiveness. Study V may be a springboard for changes in education and learning based on the results presented in this thesis, and thereby may be of benefit to employees in the Armed Forces. The studies have mapped the demands placed on Swedish naval personnel and identified factors that shaped stress, workload and learning.

Conclusions: Strengthening team-building, leadership, and structured SBT can reduce stress and enhance operational readiness. Low-fidelity SBT offers a viable and efficient option for training within the Swedish Armed Forces.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Personal inom de svenska marina styrkorna tjänstgör kontinuerligt under krävande och oförutsägbara förhållanden. Vid marina operationer exponeras de anställda för stressande utmaningar i en komplex miljö som är i ständig rörelse. För att upprätthålla och stärka beredskapen utgör träning en central komponent, vilken kan genomföras i varierande simulerande miljöer med olika grad av realism (låg- eller hög realism).

Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att utforska stress och upplevelsen av stress genom att mäta arbetsbelastning och krav hos personal inom de svenska marina styrkorna i samband med träning och marina operationer, både nationellt och internationellt.

Metoder: Avhandlingen omfattar fem delstudier. Studie I och II var kvalitativa och baserades på individuella anteckningar från en internationell insats samt djupintervjuer åtta månader senare. Båda studierna undersökte stressorer och copingstrategier hos den svenska marinens specialiserade bordningsstyrka. I Studie I användes innehållsanalys och i Studie II konstant jämförande analys. Studie III, IV och V var kvantitativa. Studie III undersökte arbetsbelastning hos svenska operatörer tillhörande specialförbanden under ”stressveckan” med hjälp av NASA-TLX. Resultaten analyserades med ANOVA. Studie IV undersökte arbetsbelastning, stridsberedskap och situations-medvetenhet hos en fartygsledning under SBT i låg- och hög realism, med upprepade mätningar och icke-parametriska analyser. Studie V utvärderade upplevt lärande hos samma fartygsledning under SBT med låg- och hög realism. Inomgruppsdesign användes och till analysen användes ANOVA, deskriptiv statistik med medelvärden och standardavvikelser.

Resultat: Studie I och II betonade betydelsen av god förberedelse, särskilt gällande ledarskap och teambuilding, för att hantera stress under marina operationer. Studie III visade högre arbetsbelastning vid övning i brandbekämpning jämförande med övning i försvarsmedicin, vilket sannolikt reflekterar skillnader i förkunskaper. Studie IV och V visade att SBT i låg- och hög realism genererade jämförbar arbetsbelastning och likvärdiga lärande effekter, vilket indikerar att miljö med låg realism är ett kostnadseffektivt alternativ för SBT. Studie V kan därmed utgöra en möjlig grund för vidare utveckling av utbildnings- och träningsmetoder inom den svenska Försvarsmakten.

Slutsatser: Resultaten i denna avhandling visar att systematiska förberedelser, ledarskap och teambuilding är avgörande för att stärka förmågan att hantera stress i marin kontext. SBT i miljö med låg realism kan komplettera mer avancerad träning i högrealistisk miljö och kan dessutom bidra till ökat lärande och förbättra den operativa förmågan. Resultaten ger både vetenskapliga och praktiska bidrag för att optimera träning/övning inom Försvarsmakten.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. p. 238
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1774
Keywords
Workload, Demands, Stress, Preparedness, SBT, Learning
National Category
Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-222330 (URN)10.3384/9789179294014 (DOI)9789179296834 (ISBN)9789179294014 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-04-23, Bella Donna, building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00
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Supervisors
Available from: 2026-03-30 Created: 2026-03-30 Last updated: 2026-03-30Bibliographically approved

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