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The Swedish Preschool as an Integration Arena
Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Division of Learning, Aesthetics, Natural Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9667-221x
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Den svenska förskolan som integrationsarena (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

The Swedish preschool is increasingly recognized as an important integration arena. In Swedish politics, it is assumed that merely enrolling migrant children in preschool will lead to integration. However, research on migrant children in Swedish preschools remains limited, leaving the actual potential of preschools to promote integration underexplored.

This thesis investigates how integration is manifested in Swedish preschools and how specific practices and approaches support or hinder this process. The focus is on how preschools manage the initial steps of migrant families into the educational integration trajectory in settings where the vast majority of families and practitioners have a majority background. Integration is used as a theoretical concept that postulates migrants’ inclusion and active participation in society, while their cultural and linguistic backgrounds are acknowledged (Penninx, 2019). Through this investigation this thesis provides a valuable contribution to both academic research and political discourse on integration within early childhood education and care (ECEC).

The study was conducted in two phases and includes four peer-reviewed articles, two associated with each research phase. Firstly, integration was explored from the perspective of preschool practitioners’ narratives, based on a licentiate study (Löthman, 2022), addressing their experiences of working with migrant parents (article I) and their children (article II). Secondly, integration was explored in situ based on observations of migrant children’s participation in teaching activities (article III) and peer play (article IV).

The results show that integration does not occur automatically. According to the preschool practitioners, integration is manifested through a process of change within themselves, resulting in the capacity to acknowledge and respond to migrant families’ needs and perspectives. This process requires a dialogic stance and is accompanied by greater cultural reflexivity and practical flexibility.

The analysis of observations of migrant children’s participation in preschool suggests that practitioners’ responsiveness largely manifests during care and routine activities, rather than during teaching activities and peer play, where constraints to integration exist. These constraints are primarily linked to insufficient attention to the crucial role of language in teaching and peer play, combined with a strong emphasis on child-centered pedagogy—enacted as a "majority child-centered" pedagogy. Consequently, migrant children risk being excluded from teaching activities and peer play in the majority language. Furthermore, the promotion of children’s free choice during peer play, which is inherent to this pedagogy, tends to reinforce the formation of segregated peer communities.

In conclusion, this thesis reveals that migrant children, who go through a double transition when they start ECEC, do not become part of ECEC or participate in it using the same approaches and practices as children with a majority background. Consequently, the political assumption that integration occurs naturally through the process of enrolling migrant children in ECEC is misleading. This thesis underscores the need for greater political recognition of the demands placed on ECEC institutions to actively facilitate integration. As the findings highlight, integration requires deliberate and intentional efforts—it necessitates integration work. Without such recognition, the burden of integration risks falling disproportionately on the children themselves.

This thesis suggests that ECEC’s integration work should focus on the development of: 1) a dialogic stance, 2) language awareness, and 3) a critical evaluation of how specific pedagogical and didactic approaches influence the premises for integration. Collectively, these efforts aim to achieve the goal of: 4) organizing preschool activities in alignment with an equity approach, which means adapting established practices to meet the genuine needs of migrant families and thereby ensuring that they have the same opportunities within ECEC as families with majority backgrounds.

Abstract [sv]

Den svenska förskolan framställs i allt högre grad som en viktig arena för integration inom svensk politik. Genom att skriva in migrerade barn i förskolan förväntas integration ske. Dock är förskolans potential att främja integration underutforskad.

Denna avhandling syftar till att bidra med kunskap om integration av migrerade barn i den svenska förskolan genom att undersöka hur integration manifesteras samt vilka praktiker och förhållningssätt som stödjer eller hindrar integrationsprocessen. Särskilt fokuserar avhandlingen på hur förskolor hanterar nyanlända familjers första steg in i den svenska förskolan, i en kontext där majoriteten av familjer och pedagoger har svensk bakgrund. Integration används som ett teoretiskt begrepp som förutsätter migrerade familjers inkludering och aktiva deltagande i samhället, samtidigt som deras kulturella och språkliga bakgrunder tas i beaktande (Penninx, 2019). Genom denna undersökning bidrar avhandlingen med värdefull kunskap till både forskning och politik om integration i den svenska förskolan.

Studien har genomförts i två faser och inkluderar fyra vetenskapliga artiklar, två kopplade till varje fas. Först utforskades integration ur förskolepedagogers perspektiv, baserat på en licentiatstudie (Löthman, 2022), som behandlar deras uppfattningar om att arbeta med migrerade föräldrar (artikel I) och barn (artikel II). Därefter utforskades integration in situ, baserat på observationer av nyanlända barns deltagande i undervisningsaktiviteter (artikel III) och kamratlek (artikel IV).

Resultaten visar att integration inte sker automatiskt. Enligt förskolepedagogerna manifesteras integration genom en förändringsprocess hos dem själva, vilken resulterar i en ökad förmåga att identifiera och svara på migrerade familjers behov och perspektiv. Denna process kräver en dialogisk hållning och åtföljs av större kulturell reflexivitet och praktisk flexibilitet.

Analysen av observationer av nyanlända barns deltagande i förskolan indikerar att förskollärares responsivitet främst återspeglas i omsorgs- och rutinaktiviteter, snarare än i undervisningsaktiviteter och kamratlek, där begränsningar för integration finns. Begränsningarna är främst kopplade till otillräcklig uppmärksamhet på språkets roll i kunskapsförmedling och kamratlek, kombinerat med en stark betoning på barncentrerad pedagogik—genomförd som en "majoritetsbarn-centrerad" pedagogik. Följaktligen riskerar migrerade barn att exkluderas från undervisningsaktiviteter och kamratlek på majoritetsspråket. Dessutom tenderar främjandet av barns fria val under kamratlek, som är inneboende i denna pedagogik, att förstärka bildandet av segregerade kamratgemenskaper.

Sammanfattningsvis visar avhandlingen att migrerade barn som genomgår en "dubbel övergång" till den svenska förskolan inte blir en del av eller deltar i förskolans verksamhet genom samma förhållningssätt och praktiker som barn med majoritetsbakgrund. Följaktligen är det politiska antagandet att integration sker naturligt genom att skriva in migrerade barn i förskolan missvisande. Avhandlingen understryker behovet av ett större politiskt erkännande av de krav som ställs på utbildningsinstitutioner för att aktivt underlätta integration. Som resultaten visar kräver integration avsiktliga och medvetna ansträngningar—det kräver integrationsarbete. Utan ett sådant erkännande riskerar bördan med integrationsarbetet oproportionerligt att falla på barnen själva.

Denna avhandling föreslår att förskolans integrationsarbete bör fokusera på utvecklingen av: 1) en dialogisk hållning, 2) språkmedvetenhet, och 3) en kritisk utvärdering av hur specifika pedagogiska och didaktiska tillvägagångssätt påverkar förutsättningarna för integration. Tillsammans syftar dessa ansträngningar till att uppnå målet att 4) organisera förskolans praktiker i linje med ett rättviseperspektiv, vilket innebär att anpassa etablerade praktiker i enlighet med migrerade familjers genuina behov och därigenom säkerställa att de har samma möjligheter i förskolan som familjer med majoritetsbakgrund.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. , p. 106
Series
Linköping Studies in Pedagogic Practices, ISSN 1653-0101 ; 47Linköping studies in education and social sciences, ISSN 2004-2787, E-ISSN 2004-2795 ; 24
Keywords [en]
Integration, Swedish preschool, Migrant children, Migrant parents, Dialogic stance, Participation
Keywords [sv]
Integration, Förskola, Migrerade barn, Migrerade föräldrar, Dialogisk hållning, Deltagande
National Category
Pedagogical Work
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-210266DOI: 10.3384/9789180759366ISBN: 9789180759359 (print)ISBN: 9789180759366 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-210266DiVA, id: diva2:1919072
Public defence
2025-01-17, K3, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 13:00
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-12-06 Created: 2024-12-06 Last updated: 2024-12-06Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. On the way towards integration?: From monologic to dialogic encounters in Swedish rural preschools
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the way towards integration?: From monologic to dialogic encounters in Swedish rural preschools
2022 (English)In: European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, ISSN 1350-293X, E-ISSN 1752-1807, Vol. 30, no 4, p. 529-542Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article explores preschool practitioners perceptions of their encounters with migrant parents in rural preschools. The practitioners accounts are analyzed through Bakhtins theory of dialogism. This theoretical approach was chosen based on the assumption that a successful integration process is accompanied by the presence of a dialogic stance that embraces difference. The practitioners accounts describe a change, in terms of moving from a monologic to a dialogic stance, that in turn indicates a move towards (self-)reflexivity as far as their attitudes towards migrant parents and their own practices are concerned. In addition, the practitioners accounts can be understood as describing that they experience an integration process themselves.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Routledge; Taylor & Francis, 2022
Keywords
Integration; rural preschools; migrant families; dialogism
National Category
Pedagogical Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-179141 (URN)10.1080/1350293X.2021.1974919 (DOI)000693002200001 ()
Available from: 2021-09-13 Created: 2021-09-13 Last updated: 2024-12-06
2. Managing newly arrived childrens double transition: Towards inclusionary practices in rural Swedish preschools
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Managing newly arrived childrens double transition: Towards inclusionary practices in rural Swedish preschools
2025 (English)In: Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, E-ISSN 1463-9491, Vol. 26, no 1, p. 23-36Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study examines preschool practitioners accounts of managing newly arrived childrens double transition into rural preschools with little previous experience of migration. The narratives are analysed through Bakhtins theory of dialogism. The analysis reveals that the practitioners at first found the migrant childrens double transition troublesome and challenging. Eventually, they started to reflect critically on their own culturally endorsed beliefs and practices, and took a dialogical approach that helped them to adjust their practices to the needs of the newly arrived children. The results show that in order to support the inclusion of the migrant children, the practitioners themselves had to go through a process that included a change of mindset and a change of practice. Hence, to manage the childrens double transition, the practitioners needed to make a dual adjustment.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 2025
Keywords
dialogism; inclusion; integration; migrant children; newly arrived children; rural preschools
National Category
Pedagogy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-191203 (URN)10.1177/14639491221144492 (DOI)000903095200001 ()2-s2.0-105001091832 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-01-25 Created: 2023-01-25 Last updated: 2025-04-23
3. Pathways to educational integration: affordances and constraints on migrant children's participation in Swedish preschool teaching activities
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pathways to educational integration: affordances and constraints on migrant children's participation in Swedish preschool teaching activities
2024 (English)In: Early years, ISSN 0957-5146, E-ISSN 1472-4421Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

This study explores the integration of newly arrived migrant children in Swedish preschools, focusing on their participation in teaching activities. The research is part of a larger project examining how these children, who experience a double transition into both a new cultural and educational environment, become integrated into early childhood education and care (ECEC). The study investigates how different teaching activities either facilitate or constrain migrant children's democratic participation. The research was conducted in two rural preschools with predominantly Swedish-speaking children and practitioners. The findings reveal that migrant children are more engaged during musical and physical activities, which rely less on verbal communication, compared to linguistically based activities. Teacher-controlled events, which consistently link language with resources, help maintain migrant children's attention, while dialogic teaching practices often result in their disengagement. The study highlights the importance of structured and inclusive teaching practices to support the educational integration of migrant children.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2024
Keywords
Integration; newly arrived migrant children; participation; teaching activities; dialogic teaching
National Category
Pedagogical Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-209322 (URN)10.1080/09575146.2024.2412717 (DOI)001344181400001 ()
Available from: 2024-11-11 Created: 2024-11-11 Last updated: 2025-04-30

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