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See through: Towards making complex data accessible
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Media and Information Technology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8324-550x
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The problem of visualising multivariate data and tensor fields inherits its complexity from the data it targets. By definition, complex data is "hard to separate, analyse, or solve"1. This becomes evident through the fact that methods for "simple" data such as scalars and vectors do not trivially extend to multivariate data and tensors. In the light of increasing number of output variables from simulation models and measurements, this lack of methods leads to a limited choice in the analysis and to a lower fidelity of the analysis. In addition, split application of established methods to a subset of the data, for example the separate rendering of isosurfaces for the different scalar fields contained in multivariate data, brings about a number of challenges and pitfalls.

In this work I present several approaches to extending existing methods for scalar field visualisation and analysis to multivariate data and, in some cases by extension, tensor fields. Specifically, I have investigated the extraction of isosurfaces from multivariate data, the topological analysis of multivariate data and tensor fields, and the design of transfer functions for tensor fields.

Isosurfaces (contours) are a widely used visualisation modality. They can be used to intuitively highlight regions of interest and are the goto choice for taking snapshots during large-scale in-situ simulations to verify results. In domains such as meteorology where simulations yield a number of output variables for pressure, temperature, precipitation, etc., methods for visualising multivariate isosurfaces are needed. Feature level sets offer such a method by interpreting an isosurface as the result of an intersection of the isovalue with the data in the domain. From this, we expand the notion of isovalues, in this context called traits, and isosurfaces to arbitrary dimensionality.

An intermediate product of the calculation of feature level sets is the distance field defining every data point’s distance towards the trait. Given this distance field, we compute the merge tree for it and thereby enable topological analysis of multivariate data. The choice of merge trees comes naturally as minima in the distance field correspond to regions closest to the trait.

The concept of derived fields as input is also used in our approach to topological analysis of tensor fields. Special attention needs to be paid to the non-linear behaviour of derived vector and scalar fields. We use the field of eigenvectors derived from the tensor field to determine cells containing degenerate points in tensor fields and insert zero-valued points in the corresponding anisotropy field. This process yields a scalar field which can subsequently be used as input for further topological analysis.Another challenge when it comes to the visualisation of tensor fields is the design of transfer functions in the context of volume rendering. This is because of the high dimensional entity that is a tensor and its non-linear derivatives. We span a shape space which is populated by representatives which visually encode the tensor. This allows the user to steer the rendering by selecting the desired "shape" of the tensor rather than adjusting a slider for a derived scalar value.

1 Merriam-Webster. Complex. In Merriam-Webster dictionary (Merriam-Webster.com). Retrieved December 1st, 2024, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/complex 

Abstract [sv]

Problemet med att visualisera multivariat data och tensorfält beror på komplexiteten hos själva datan. Enligt definitionen består komplexa data av "många delar som hänger samman på ett svåröverskådligt sätt"2. Detta blir uppenbart genom det faktum att metoder för 'enkla' data, såsom skalärer och vektorer, inte på ett trivialt sätt går att utvidga till multivariat data och tensorer. På grund av det ökande antalet outputvariabler från simuleringsmodeller och mätningar leder denna brist till ett begränsat val av metoder i analysen och till en lägre analystrohet. Dessutom medför en uppdelad tillämpning av etablerade metoder på en delmängd av data, till exempel separat rendering av isoytor för de olika skalära fälten som ingår i multivariat data, ett antal utmaningar och fallgropar.

I detta arbete presenterar jag flera tillvägagångssätt för att utvidga befintliga metoder för skalärfältsvisualisering och analys till multivariat data och, i vissa fall, i förlängningen, tensorfält. Specifikt har jag undersökt extraktion av isoytor från multivariat data, den topologiska analysen av multivariat data och tensorfält samt designen av överföringsfunktioner för tensorfält.

Isoytor (konturer) är en välkänd visualiseringsteknik. De kan användas för att intuitivt lyfta fram områden av intresse och är det naturliga valet för att ta ögonblicksbilder under storskaliga simuleringar på plats för att verifiera resultat. Inom områden som meteorologi där simuleringar ger ett antal utdatavariabler för tryck, temperatur, nederbörd etc. behövs metoder för att visualisera multivariata isoytor. Feature level sets erbjuder en sådan metod genom att tolka en isoyta som resultatet av en skärning av isovärdet med data i domänen. Genom detta utökar vi begreppet isovärden, i detta sammanhang kallade traits, och isoytor till godtycklig dimensionalitet.

En mellanprodukt av beräkningen av feature level sets är avståndsfältet som definierar varje datapunkts avstånd till trait:en. Med tanke på detta avståndsfält beräknar vi merge trees för det och möjliggör därigenom topologisk analys av multivariata data. Valet av merge trees kommer naturligt då minima i avståndsfältet motsvarar regioner närmast trait:en.

Konceptet med beräknade fält som input används också i vårt förhållningssätt till topologisk analys av tensorfält. Det icke-linjära beteendet hos härledda/uträknade vektor- och skalära fält bör här ägnas särskild uppmärksamhet. Vi använder fältet av egenvektorer som härleds från tensorfältet för att bestämma celler som innehåller degenererade punkter i tensorfält och infogar nollvärdespunkter i motsvarande anisotropifält. Denna process ger ett skalärt fält som sedan kan användas som input för ytterligare topologisk analys.

En annan utmaning när det kommer till visualisering av tensorfält är utformningen av överföringsfunktioner i samband med volymrendering. Detta beror på den högdimensionella enheten som är en tensor och dess icke-linjära derivator. Vi erbjuder ett bredd designutrymme för att visuellt koda tensorn. Detta gör att användaren kan styra renderingen genom att välja önskad "form" av tensorn istället för att justera en skjutreglage för ett härlett skalärt värde.

2 Svensk ordbok. Komplex. I Svenska Akademiens ordbok (svenska.se). Hämtad den 1:a december 2024 från https://svenska.se/so/?id=140703_ 1&pz=3

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. , p. 272
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2241
National Category
Other Computer and Information Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-210419DOI: 10.3384/9789179294052ISBN: 9789179294045 (print)ISBN: 9789179294052 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-210419DiVA, id: diva2:1921056
Public defence
2025-01-22, K1, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Note

Revisions:

2024-12-13 The thesis was first published online. The online published version reflects the printed version. 

2025-02-11 A typo in the cover was found, and the published PDF has been replaced. Before this date the PDF has been downloaded 474 times.

Available from: 2024-12-13 Created: 2024-12-13 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Feature Level-Sets: Generalizing Iso-surfaces to Multi-variate Data
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Feature Level-Sets: Generalizing Iso-surfaces to Multi-variate Data
2020 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, ISSN 1077-2626, E-ISSN 1941-0506, Vol. 26, no 2, p. 1308-1319Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Iso-surfaces or level-sets provide an effective and frequently used means for feature visualization. However, they are restricted to simple features for uni-variate data. The approach does not scale when moving to multi-variate data or when considering more complex feature definitions. In this paper, we introduce the concept of traits and feature level-sets, which can be understood as a generalization of level-sets as it includes iso-surfaces, and fiber surfaces as special cases. The concept is applicable to a large class of traits defined as subsets in attribute space, which can be arbitrary combinations of points, lines, surfaces and volumes.  It is implemented into a system that provides an interface to define traits in an interactive way and multiple rendering options. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach using multi-variate data sets of different nature, including vector and tensor data, from different application domains.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2020
National Category
Other Computer and Information Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-151231 (URN)10.1109/TVCG.2018.2867488 (DOI)000506637400003 ()30183637 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85052841941 (Scopus ID)
Funder
ELLIIT - The Linköping‐Lund Initiative on IT and Mobile Communications
Note

Funding agencies: ELLIIT program; Swedish eScience Research Centre (SeRC)

Available from: 2018-09-13 Created: 2018-09-13 Last updated: 2024-12-13Bibliographically approved
2. Robust Extraction and Simplification of 2D Symmetric Tensor Field Topology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Robust Extraction and Simplification of 2D Symmetric Tensor Field Topology
2019 (English)In: Computer graphics forum (Print), ISSN 0167-7055, E-ISSN 1467-8659, Vol. 38, no 3, p. 337-349Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this work, we propose a controlled simplification strategy for degenerated points in symmetric 2D tensor fields that is based on the topological notion of robustness. Robustness measures the structural stability of the degenerate points with respect to variation in the underlying field. We consider an entire pipeline for generating a hierarchical set of degenerate points based on their robustness values. Such a pipeline includes the following steps: the stable extraction and classification of degenerate points using an edge labeling algorithm, the computation and assignment of robustness values to the degenerate points, and the construction of a simplification hierarchy. We also discuss the challenges that arise from the discretization and interpolation of real world data.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
WILEY, 2019
National Category
Computer graphics and computer vision
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160176 (URN)10.1111/cgf.13693 (DOI)000481468200027 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|SeRC (Swedish e-Science Research Center); ELLIIT environment for strategic research in Sweden; NSF [IIS-1513616]

Available from: 2019-09-09 Created: 2019-09-09 Last updated: 2025-02-07
3. Tensor volume exploration using attribute space representatives
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Tensor volume exploration using attribute space representatives
Show others...
2020 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

While volume rendering for scalar fields has been advanced into a powerful visualisation method, similar volumetric representations for tensor fields are still rare. The complexity of the data challenges not only the rendering but also the design of the transfer function. In this paper we propose an interface using glyph widgets to design a transfer function for the rendering of tensor data sets. Thereby the transfer function (TF) controls a volume rendering which represents sought after tensor-features and a texture that conveys directional information. The basis of the design interface is a two-dimensional projection of the attribute space. Characteristic representatives in the form of glyphs support an intuitive navigation through the attribute space. We provide three different options to select the representatives: automatic selection based on attribute space clustering, uniform sampling of the attribute space, or manually selected representatives. In contrast to glyphs placed into the 3D volume, we use glyphs with complex geometry as widgets to control the shape and extent of the representatives. In the final rendering the glyphs with their assigned colors play a similar role as a legend in an atlas like representation. The method provides an overview of the tensor field in the 3D volume at the same time as it allows the user to explore the tensor field in an attribute space. We demonstrate the flexibility of our approach on tensor fields for selected data sets with very different characteristics.

National Category
Computer and Information Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-173161 (URN)10.31219/osf.io/qu8rz (DOI)
Conference
LEVIA 2020
Funder
ELLIIT - The Linköping‐Lund Initiative on IT and Mobile Communications, 996788
Available from: 2021-02-08 Created: 2021-02-08 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
4. Visualization of Tensor Fields in Mechanics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Visualization of Tensor Fields in Mechanics
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Computer graphics forum (Print), ISSN 0167-7055, E-ISSN 1467-8659, Vol. 40, no 6, p. 135-161Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Tensors are used to describe complex physical processes in many applications. Examples include the distribution of stresses in technical materials, acting forces during seismic events, or remodeling of biological tissues. While tensors encode such complex information mathematically precisely, the semantic interpretation of a tensor is challenging. Visualization can be beneficial here and is frequently used by domain experts. Typical strategies include the use of glyphs, color plots, lines, and isosurfaces. However, data complexity is nowadays accompanied by the sheer amount of data produced by large-scale simulations and adds another level of obstruction between user and data. Given the limitations of traditional methods, and the extra cognitive effort of simple methods, more advanced tensor field visualization approaches have been the focus of this work. This survey aims to provide an overview of recent research results with a strong application-oriented focus, targeting applications based on continuum mechanics, namely the fields of structural, bio-, and geomechanics. As such, the survey is complementing and extending previously published surveys. Its utility is twofold: (i) It serves as basis for the visualization community to get an overview of recent visualization techniques. (ii) It emphasizes and explains the necessity for further research for visualizations in this context.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2021
Keywords
scientific visualization; visualization
National Category
Computer Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-175073 (URN)10.1111/cgf.14209 (DOI)000634896500001 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Projekt DEAL

Available from: 2021-04-20 Created: 2021-04-20 Last updated: 2024-12-13Bibliographically approved
5. Multi-Field Visualisation via Trait-Induced Merge Trees
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multi-Field Visualisation via Trait-Induced Merge Trees
2023 (English)In: 2023 Topological Data Analysis and Visualization (TopoInVis), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023, p. 21-29Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this work, we propose trait-based merge trees a generalization of merge trees to feature level sets, targeting the analysis of tensor field or general multi-variate data. For this, we employ the notion of traits defined in attribute space as introduced in the feature level sets framework. The resulting distance field in attribute space induces a scalar field in the spatial domain that serves as input for topological data analysis. The leaves in the merge tree represent those areas in the input data that are closest to the defined trait and thus most closely resemble the defined feature. Hence, the merge tree yields a hierarchy of features that allows for querying the most relevant and persistent features. The presented method includes different query methods for the tree which enable the highlighting of different aspects. We demonstrate the cross-application capabilities of this approach with three case studies from different domains.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023
Keywords
Tensors, Data analysis, Level set, Design methodology, Data visualization, Rendering (computer graphics)
National Category
Computer Sciences Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-208065 (URN)10.1109/TopoInVis60193.2023.00009 (DOI)9798350329643 (ISBN)9798350329650 (ISBN)
Conference
IEEE VIS workshop on Topological Data Analysis and Visualization (TopoInVis), Melbourne, Oct 22, 2023
Funder
Swedish e‐Science Research CenterELLIIT - The Linköping‐Lund Initiative on IT and Mobile CommunicationsSwedish Research Council, 2019-05487
Note

This work is supported by Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC), ELLIIT environment for strategic research in Sweden, and the Swedish Research Council (VR) grant 2019-05487. The application was implemented using the open-source software Inviwo. The computation of contour/merge trees uses code provided by Harish Doraiswamy. The authors express their gratitude to Mathieu Linares for providing the simulation data for charge transfer and for providing very useful expert feedback on the obtained results and visualisations for this case study. The flow data set used in this paper was produced and supplied by Professor Jan Nordström, Department of Mathematics, Linköping University, and Dr. Marco Kupiainen, Rossby Centre, SMHI.

Available from: 2024-10-01 Created: 2024-10-01 Last updated: 2024-12-13Bibliographically approved

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