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A Space Away From the Ableist Gaze?: Separate Leisure for Children With Neuropsychiatric Disabilities
Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Department of Child Studies. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2494-6795
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
En plats bortom den funktionsnormativa blicken? : Riktad fritid för barn med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

The aim of this thesis is to explore what separate leisure—i.e., leisure exclusive to children with disabilities—makes and does not make possible for this group of children's leisure. A further aim is to investigate how to do research 'with' rather than 'about' children with disabilities. To accomplish this aim, an ethnographic study was conducted at a separate leisure space for 3–11-year-old children with neuropsychiatric disabilities (e.g., ADHD, autism). Three research questions are addressed which concern: (i) how to methodologically explore children's perspectives of separate leisure; (ii) the ideas about children's needs, and about meaningful leisure, that inform and are expressed by the design and organisation of separate leisure; and (iii) children's perspectives of separate leisure. The study's theoretical framework consists of three parts: disabled children’s childhood studies, separate leisure in the context of childhood and disability, and the places and spaces of separate leisure.

In sum, the study shows how separate leisure can lower thresholds for inclusion and participation in leisure. In this way, it becomes an important means of creating opportunities away from home for a group of children who would otherwise face substantial barriers to leisure access. By extension, separate leisure can help grant children access to conventional childhood experiences, such as participating in structured leisure activities. When separate leisure functions as a 'leisure node', it helps expand children’s leisure opportunities further, by offering a place where children can try out new activities and where parents may share experiences and tips of activities in the local area as well as establish the basis for new activities. This points to the importance of separate spaces as a gathering of collective interests as well as their potential to lower thresholds for attending activities hosted by other actors, mainstream leisure included. Altogether, this indicates that there are important lessons to learn from separate leisure for the arranging of leisure opportunities of children with disabilities. These are also important for mainstream and inclusive contexts.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling syftar till att utforska vad riktad fritid, det vill säga fritid enbart för barn med funktionsnedsättningar, möjliggör och inte möjliggör för denna grupp av barn. Ett ytterligare syfte är att undersöka hur forskning kan bedrivas 'med' snarare än 'om' barn med funktionsnedsättningar. För att uppnå detta syfte genomfördes en etnografisk studie vid en riktad fritidsverksamhet för 3–11-åriga barn med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar (t.ex. ADHD, autism). Studien utgår från tre forskningsfrågor vilka rör (i) hur man metodologiskt kan utforska barns perspektiv på riktad fritid, (ii) de idéer om barns behov, och om meningsfull fritid, som ligger till grund för och uttrycks genom designen och organiseringen av riktad fritid och (iii) barns perspektiv på riktad fritid. Avhandlingens teoretiska ramverk består av tre delar: disabled children’s childhood studies, riktad fritid i en kontext av barndom och funktionsnedsättning samt den riktade fritidens platser och rum.

Sammanfattningsvis visar avhandlingen hur riktad fritid kan bidra till att sänka trösklar för inkludering och deltagande i fritid. Den blir på så sätt ett viktigt medel för att skapa fritidsmöjligheter utanför hemmet för en grupp av barn som annars möter påtagliga hinder vid deltagande i aktiviteter. I förlängningen kan riktad fritid bidra till att ge barn tillgång till konventionella barndomserfarenheter, så som att delta i organiserade fritidsaktiviteter. När riktad fritid fungerar som det jag kallar för en 'fritidsnod' så bidrar den till att ytterligare utöka barns fritidsmöjligheter. Det gör den genom att vara en plats där barn kan prova på nya aktiviteter, där föräldrar kan utbyta erfarenheter och tips om aktiviteter i närområdet och där det finns möjlighet att lägga grunden för nya fritidsaktiviteter och -sammanhang. Detta pekar på att riktade verksamheter har en viktig roll som samlingsplatser för kollektiva intressen och potential att sänka trösklar för deltagande i aktiviteter som anordnas av andra aktörer, inklusive ’vanliga’ aktiviteter. Sammantaget tyder detta på att det finns viktiga lärdomar att dra från den riktade fritiden för skapandet av fritidsmöjligheter för barn med funktionsnedsättningar. Dessa lärdomar är också viktiga för 'vanliga' (mainstream) och 'inkluderande' (inclusive) sammanhang.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 146
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 901
Keywords [en]
Children with disabilities, Separate leisure, Neurodiversities, Leisure barriers, Ethnography
Keywords [sv]
Barn med funktionsnedsättning, Riktad fritid, NPF, Hinder för fritiden, Etnografi
National Category
Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-210547DOI: 10.3384/9789180759656ISBN: 9789180759649 (print)ISBN: 9789180759656 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-210547DiVA, id: diva2:1922405
Public defence
2025-01-31, TEMCAS, T Building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-12-18 Created: 2024-12-18 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Finding methods for the inclusion of all children: Advancing participatory research with children with disabilities
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Finding methods for the inclusion of all children: Advancing participatory research with children with disabilities
2023 (English)In: Children & society, ISSN 0951-0605, E-ISSN 1099-0860, Vol. 37, no 3, p. 771-785Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This method-focused article continues the discussion of how methodological challenges in research with children with disabilities can be overcome. By examining the difficulties in introducing walk-and-talk conversations in an ethnographic study with young children (3-11 years) with disabilities, it asks what doing research with means and on whose terms research should take place. The article argues for a shift in the understanding of doing with, from a researcher-controlled research encounter to the focusing of childrens own activities. This ensures the participation of all children in research, by recognizing and listening to the many different ways in which children communicate.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2023
Keywords
childrens participation; disabled childrens childhood studies; doing research with; ethnographic methods; qualitative research methods
National Category
Social Anthropology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-188607 (URN)10.1111/chso.12628 (DOI)000849773700001 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare [2018-01749]

Available from: 2022-09-20 Created: 2022-09-20 Last updated: 2024-12-18Bibliographically approved
2. The possibilities of separate leisure: organising opportunities for children with disabilities
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The possibilities of separate leisure: organising opportunities for children with disabilities
2024 (English)In: Leisure Studies, ISSN 0261-4367, E-ISSN 1466-4496Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Research has established that children with disabilities face barriers to mainstream leisure. But what happens when leisure is specifically organised for children with disabilities? This article builds on an ethnographic study at a 'separate', i.e. disability-specific, leisure space for young children (3-11 years) with disabilities, such as ADHD and autism. It asks: What is made possible by separate leisure and are there potential limits? The analysis shows that separate leisure plays an important role as a site for leisure outside children's homes. Whereas children with disabilities are typically the exception in mainstream leisure contexts, separate leisure positions their needs and desires as the starting point for designing and organising leisure. Moreover, separate leisure can act as a 'leisure node' and a context for leisure without expectations about children's performances. The study highlights the need to challenge societal perceptions of leisure, particularly the belief that leisure is best enjoyed with others, to better accommodate all children's leisure. It suggests that separate leisure holds potential to advance theory and practice by illustrating how leisure can be understood and practiced in a context where ableist and adult-centred assumptions are not at the forefront.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2024
Keywords
Separate leisure; disabled children's childhood studies; leisure barriers; inclusion
National Category
Pedagogy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-210658 (URN)10.1080/02614367.2024.2446190 (DOI)001383639000001 ()2-s2.0-85213680430 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare [2018-01749]

Available from: 2025-01-08 Created: 2025-01-08 Last updated: 2025-05-05
3. Designing and making a separate leisure space: exploring the geographies of children with disabilities
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Designing and making a separate leisure space: exploring the geographies of children with disabilities
2023 (English)In: Children's Geographies, ISSN 1473-3285, E-ISSN 1473-3277, Vol. 21, no 6, p. 1216-1229Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Separate leisure spaces play an important part in children with disabilities everyday geographies, though little is known about how they are designed and organised or how children use them. This article contributes to the field of disabled childrens geographies (cf. Ryan, Sara. 2005. "People Dont do odd, do They? Mothers Making Sense of the Reactions of Others Towards Their Learning Disabled Children in Public Places." Childrens Geographies 3 (3): 291-305) by building on a three-year ethnographic study that explores a separate leisure space in Sweden for children (3-11 years) with disabilities such as ADHD and autism. The current article focuses on the calm room within the facility, aimed at providing space for preventing and handling children acting out. By analysing this particular room, the study illuminates the ideas and assumptions about the children that went into designing the separate leisure space. Two dimensions of the room are analysed: (i) the design of the room, and (ii) childrens uses of the room.The analysis demonstrates that children used the room for their own purposes, for example for resting, socialising or playing. When childrens uses of the room conflicted with what designers had planned for, tensions arose between the ideas about childrens needs that informed the design of the room and what the children needed or wanted during their visits. This demonstrates the importance of not having too rigid ideas about children with disabilities needs when planning and designing separate leisure spaces. It is suggested that one way of ensuring that childrens actual needs and desires are considered, rather than those assumed or imagined by adult designers, is by finding ways to include children in the design and planning processes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2023
Keywords
Disabled childrens geographies; children with disabilities; separate leisure; childrens places; action possibilities; neurodiversities; >
National Category
Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-197505 (URN)10.1080/14733285.2023.2245778 (DOI)001050545300001 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (Forskningsradet for halsa, arbetsliv och valfard) [2018-01749]

Available from: 2023-09-06 Created: 2023-09-06 Last updated: 2025-02-20

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Tiefenbacher, Rebecka

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