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Please Handle with Discretion: Discretionary boundaries of street-level bureaucrats working for digital inclusion
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Political Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Gränser för handlingsutrymmet i närbyråkraters arbete för digital inkludering (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

During rapid changes in the digital era, there is a need to understand changes at the micro level, close to the citizen, where policy is enacted, reiterated and, sometimes, subtly changed. By studying how street-level bureaucrats support clients in need of help to be digitally active, this thesis contributes to the understanding of two interlinked concepts. Firstly, it compares street-level discretion in different digitalising micro-institutional settings and analyses how street-level discretionary boundaries evolve when digitalisation adds layers to already restricting frames and circumstances. Secondly, it sheds light on the constraining aspects of these boundaries and explores the concept ‘digital cage’ related to street-level discretion. This concept builds on Weber’s ‘iron cage’ and refers to excluding digital infrastructure that, among other things, could limit street-level discretion.

The thesis uses a bottom-up approach based on the bureaucrats’ daily experiences. Street-level bureaucrats’ descriptions of their changing discretionary boundaries are analysed using micro-institutional theory with a special focus on street-level bureaucracy theory. It is a compilation thesis based on a cover paper and four research papers that focus on street-level bureaucracy in different settings, such as schools, libraries, social services, adult education and employment units, cases of how Swedish street-level bureaucrats view and handle their discretion when they work for digital inclusion of clients. The research process is based on qualitative and abductive studies. The data collection consists of interviews, survey answers and documents from different increasingly digitalised settings within Swedish local bureaucracy.

The overall conclusions show that the street-level bureaucrats experience significant changes in what they do and how they do it. They form new roles towards clients and adapt to new boundaries. Boundaries framing street-level discretion in the studied micro settings can be divided into boundaries related to policy and management, skill sets and access possibilities, perceptions of appropriateness in the eyes of others, and digital systems and tools. The analysis shows that new digital boundaries have a restricting, caging, effect. Since this digital cage constrains street-level discretion in new ways, there is a need to develop and further analyse competences and practices in micro-institutional settings. However, it should also be acknowledged that the caging effect, in combination with ambitious goals for digital inclusion, create frustration among the street-level bureaucrats since they feel pushed to work towards a level of digital inclusion that they deem impossible to attain.

Abstract [sv]

Under snabba förändringar i en digital samtid uppstår behov av att förstå förändringar på mikronivå, nära medborgaren, där politik görs, upprepas och ibland subtilt förändras. Genom att studera hur närbyråkrater stödjer personer som behöver hjälp med digitala verktyg, bidrar denna avhandling till förståelsen av två sammanlänkade begrepp. För det första analyseras närbyråkraternas handlingsutrymme i olika digitaliserade miljöer där digitaliseringen lägger till lager till redan begränsande ramar och omständigheter. För det andra belyser avhandlingen de begränsande aspekterna av detta och utforskar begreppet den digitala buren. Detta begrepp bygger på Webers så kallade järnbur och syftar på exkluderande digital infrastruktur som bland annat kan begränsa handlingsutrymmet i närbyråkratin.

Avhandlingen är baserad på närbyråkraternas dagliga erfarenheter och hur de ser på och hanterar sitt handlingsutrymme i arbetet för medborgarnas digitala inkludering. Deras beskrivningar av vad de kan och inte kan göra för medborgarna analyseras med hjälp av mikroinstitutionell teori med särskilt fokus på närbyråkratiteori. Sammanläggningsavhandlingen består av en kappa och fyra artiklar och fokuserar på närbyråkrati i olika miljöer, såsom skolor, bibliotek, socialtjänst, vuxenutbildning och arbetsmarknadsenheter. Forsknings-processen bygger på kvalitativa metoder och datainsamlingen består av intervjuer, enkätsvar och dokument från olika alltmer digitaliserade miljöer inom den svenska lokala närbyråkratin.

De övergripande slutsatserna visar att närbyråkraterna upplever betydande förändringar av vad de gör och hur de gör det. De formar nya roller gentemot medborgare och anpassar sig till nya gränser. De gränser som ramar in handlingsutrymmet i de studerade miljöerna kan delas in i gränser relaterade till policy och ledning, färdigheter och åtkomst, uppfattningar om vad som är lämpligt samt digitala system och verktyg. Analysen visar att nya digitala gränser har en instängande effekt. Eftersom denna digitala bur begränsar handlingsutrymmet på nya sätt finns det ett behov av att utveckla och ytterligare analysera kompetenser och praxis i mikroinstitutionella miljöer. Det bör understrykas att den inburande effekten, i kombination med ambitiösa mål för digital inkludering, skapar frustration bland närbyråkrater eftersom de känner sig pressade att arbeta för en digital inkluderingsnivå som de kan se som omöjlig att uppnå.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 128
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 902
Keywords [en]
Street-level bureaucracy, Digitalisation, Digital inclusion, Discretionary boundaries, Digital cage
Keywords [sv]
Närbyråkrati, Digitalisering, Digital inkludering, Handlingsutrymme, Den digitala buren
National Category
Work Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-210612DOI: 10.3384/9789180759694ISBN: 9789180759687 (print)ISBN: 9789180759694 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-210612DiVA, id: diva2:1924661
Public defence
2025-02-21, ACAS, A-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-01-07 Created: 2025-01-07 Last updated: 2025-01-17Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. The Digital Cage Dilemma: How Street-Level Bureaucrats at Public Libraries are a Key for Digital Inclusion
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Digital Cage Dilemma: How Street-Level Bureaucrats at Public Libraries are a Key for Digital Inclusion
2023 (English)In: 22nd IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference, EGOV 2023, Budapest, Hungary, September 5–7, 2023, Proceedings / [ed] Ida Lindgren, Csaba Csáki, Evangelos Kalampokis, Marijn Janssen, Gabriela Viale Pereira, Shefali Virkar, Efthimios Tambouris, Anneke Zuiderwijk, Cham, 2023, Vol. 14130, p. 64-79Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Ten percent of the Swedish population over the age of sixteen can be counted as digitally excluded. Many of them turn to public libraries for support with e.g. public e-services. As street-level bureaucrats, library staff can support citizens’ digital inclusion within the scope of their assignment and institutional framework. However, they face dilemmas when they encounter citizens with needs that fall partly outside this framework.

According to a classic work of Weber, bureaucrats can be seen as locked in an iron cage of rules and norms. It could be argued that digitalization is changing the conditions in bureaucracies even further. As a complement to Weber’s iron cage, Peeters and Widlak described the disciplining logic of digital information architecture as a form of digital cage that can exclude citizens and frame the discretion of street-level bureaucrats.

This article elaborates on the concept digital cage, built on the iron cage concept, to analyse how street-level bureaucrats cope with discretionary boundaries in their work for citizens’ digital inclusion. Based on an analysis of interviews with library staff at local centres for digital inclusion, policy documents and interviews with local politicians in charge of these centres, the study shows the relevance of the digital cage concept and that the use of new technologies changes and partly limits street-level discretion. However, it also shows that politicians allow library staff a considerable degree of freedom in their work, and that the centres’ focus on face-to-face meetings and entrepreneurial solutions is an asset for digital inclusion.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cham: , 2023
Series
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, ISSN 0302-9743, E-ISSN 1611-3349 ; 14130
Keywords
digital cage, iron cage, digital inclusion, street-level bureaucrats, discretionary boundaries
National Category
Political Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-197046 (URN)10.1007/978-3-031-41138-0_5 (DOI)001313870000005 ()9783031411373 (ISBN)9783031411380 (ISBN)
Conference
22nd IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference, EGOV 2023, Budapest, Hungary, September 5–7, 2023
Available from: 2023-08-21 Created: 2023-08-21 Last updated: 2025-01-07Bibliographically approved
2. Context matters—different entrepreneurial approaches among street‐level bureaucrats enhancing digital inclusion
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Context matters—different entrepreneurial approaches among street‐level bureaucrats enhancing digital inclusion
2023 (English)In: European Policy Analysis, E-ISSN 2380-6567, Vol. 9, no 4, p. 379-396Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Digital technology is frequently used in the delivery of public services. Since not everyone has the skills or digital access required to use such digital services, street-level bureaucrats must find new ways to support citizens to be able to enhance digital inclusion. In most public settings, these new practices of digital support need to be developed in parallel with the street-level bureaucrats' ordinary assignments. This article analyses the development of street-level bureaucrats' entrepreneurial and innovative practices in promoting digital inclusion in two spheres: conventional welfare service provision and in a project-based welfare service provision initiative explicitly intended to enhance digital inclusion. The article builds on qualitative case studies in municipalities in Sweden and demonstrates that there are more openings for innovative, entrepreneurial solutions among street-level bureaucrats in the more project-based setting than in the conventional welfare services. This implies that context matters for street-level entrepreneurial approaches.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc., 2023
Keywords
entrepreneurial approaches, street-level bureaucrats, digital inclusion, municipalities, Sweden
National Category
Political Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-198932 (URN)10.1002/epa2.1197 (DOI)001095801300001 ()2-s2.0-85175706315 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas
Note

Funding: We are grateful to all the informants that have experiences and reflections upon their work and to the national Digidel network. We also thank the Carl Bennett foundation and the research council FORMAS for generous funding to our research.; Carl Bennett foundation; research council FORMAS

Available from: 2023-11-03 Created: 2023-11-03 Last updated: 2025-01-07Bibliographically approved
3. Digital Citizenship in the Institution Swedish Public Libraries: A Discursive Approach
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Digital Citizenship in the Institution Swedish Public Libraries: A Discursive Approach
2025 (English)In: Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2025, Vol. 58, p. 2237-2247Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper maps and unpacks the discursive construction of digital citizenship within the institution of public libraries in Sweden, situating it within the broader context of the nation’s digital government. By adopting a discursive approach, the paper responds to the scholarly call for nuanced theoretical insights into the evolving digital citizenship field and reflects upon how an analysis on digital citizenship can further our understanding of digital government. Data sources are the Swedish National Digitalization Strategy, the Swedish Library Act, and library staff interviews.

Findings show active citizenship as a central idea in the discourse, placing high demands on individuals. In contrast to previous research, this study also finds ideas of a more inclusive citizenship. Finally, the findings show conflicts and ongoing negotiation of what digital citizenship, and thus digital citizens, ought to be, and point towards a need of deepening and questioning our understanding of digital government as inclusive.  

Keywords
digital citizenship, digital government, discourse theory, active citizenship, libraries
National Category
Political Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-210958 (URN)10125/109115 (DOI)001443246900268 ()9780998133188 (ISBN)
Conference
Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2025, HI, JAN 07-10, 2025
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2021-00824
Note

Funding Agencies|Formas, Swedish government research council for sustainable development [2021-00824]; Formas [2021-00824] Funding Source: Formas

Available from: 2025-01-16 Created: 2025-01-16 Last updated: 2025-08-28

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