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The effects of learning during Swedish naval training: a quantitative study of simulation-based exercises-a case study
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Naval Warfare Ctr, Sweden.
Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Regionledningskontoret, Center for Disaster Medicine and Traumatology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1383-375X
Swedish Armed Forces Ctr Def Med, Sweden; Univ Borås, Sweden.
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2024 (English)In: The Journal of Defence Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology, ISSN 1548-5129, E-ISSN 1557-380XArticle in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Simulation-based training (SBT) has a positive effect on learning. The aim of this study was to examine perceived learning of a command and control (C2) team in a Swedish naval exercise conducted in two settings (low and high fidelity). The participants were part of the permanent C2 team onboard a vessel in the Navy and could maintain their ordinary roles during the SBT. A within-group design was used whereby the C2 team first took part in the low-fidelity setting followed by the high-fidelity setting. The questionnaires used in this study were developed based on the learning objectives for the exercise, and questions were asked as statements. The results indicate that SBT may constitute a learning opportunity. The conclusion of the research highlights the same learning effects in a low-fidelity setting.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC , 2024.
Keywords [en]
Simulation-based training; learning; exercises; low-and high-fidelity settings; command and control
National Category
Educational Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-210689DOI: 10.1177/15485129241288241ISI: 001380548000001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85212671096OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-210689DiVA, id: diva2:1925770
Available from: 2025-01-09 Created: 2025-01-09 Last updated: 2026-03-30
In thesis
1. Stress among naval personnel: Swedish naval forces' workload and demands when participating in training and naval operations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Stress among naval personnel: Swedish naval forces' workload and demands when participating in training and naval operations
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Swedish naval forces personnel operate continuously under demanding and unpredictable conditions. When on naval operations, employees are exposed to stressful challenges in a constantly moving environment. Training is important to maintain and increase preparedness and can be performed in different ways, for example, in different simulation environments or settings, and the level of realism in the scenario, referred to as low or high fidelity, can vary.

Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to explore stress and the experience of stress during training and naval operations, foreign and domestic, by measuring workload and demands of Swedish naval forces personnel.

Methods: This thesis comprises five studies. Studies I and II were qualitative, using individual notes of events during an international deployment and in-depth interviews 8 months later. Both studies explored stressors and coping among members of the Swedish naval specialized boarding element. Content analysis was used in the first study, and constant comparative analysis in the second. Studies III, IV and V were quantitative. Study III examined workload among Swedish Special Forces operators during stress week using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). The different tasks were compared using ANOVA. Study IV investigated workload, combat readiness and situation awareness in a naval command and control (C2) team exposed to low- and high-fidelity simulation-based training (SBT), using repeated measures and non-parametric analyses. Study V assessed perceived learning in the same C2 team during low- and high-fidelity SBT using a within-group design. ANOVA, descriptive statistics with means and standard deviation were used for the analysis.

Results: Studies I and II highlighted the importance of preparedness, particularly leadership and team cohesion, for managing stress during naval operations. In Study III, firefighting scenarios generated a higher workload than medical scenarios, likely due to differences in previous training. Studies IV and V showed that low-fidelity SBT produced comparable workload and supported learning similarly to high-fidelity training, indicating cost-effectiveness. Study V may be a springboard for changes in education and learning based on the results presented in this thesis, and thereby may be of benefit to employees in the Armed Forces. The studies have mapped the demands placed on Swedish naval personnel and identified factors that shaped stress, workload and learning.

Conclusions: Strengthening team-building, leadership, and structured SBT can reduce stress and enhance operational readiness. Low-fidelity SBT offers a viable and efficient option for training within the Swedish Armed Forces.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Personal inom de svenska marina styrkorna tjänstgör kontinuerligt under krävande och oförutsägbara förhållanden. Vid marina operationer exponeras de anställda för stressande utmaningar i en komplex miljö som är i ständig rörelse. För att upprätthålla och stärka beredskapen utgör träning en central komponent, vilken kan genomföras i varierande simulerande miljöer med olika grad av realism (låg- eller hög realism).

Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att utforska stress och upplevelsen av stress genom att mäta arbetsbelastning och krav hos personal inom de svenska marina styrkorna i samband med träning och marina operationer, både nationellt och internationellt.

Metoder: Avhandlingen omfattar fem delstudier. Studie I och II var kvalitativa och baserades på individuella anteckningar från en internationell insats samt djupintervjuer åtta månader senare. Båda studierna undersökte stressorer och copingstrategier hos den svenska marinens specialiserade bordningsstyrka. I Studie I användes innehållsanalys och i Studie II konstant jämförande analys. Studie III, IV och V var kvantitativa. Studie III undersökte arbetsbelastning hos svenska operatörer tillhörande specialförbanden under ”stressveckan” med hjälp av NASA-TLX. Resultaten analyserades med ANOVA. Studie IV undersökte arbetsbelastning, stridsberedskap och situations-medvetenhet hos en fartygsledning under SBT i låg- och hög realism, med upprepade mätningar och icke-parametriska analyser. Studie V utvärderade upplevt lärande hos samma fartygsledning under SBT med låg- och hög realism. Inomgruppsdesign användes och till analysen användes ANOVA, deskriptiv statistik med medelvärden och standardavvikelser.

Resultat: Studie I och II betonade betydelsen av god förberedelse, särskilt gällande ledarskap och teambuilding, för att hantera stress under marina operationer. Studie III visade högre arbetsbelastning vid övning i brandbekämpning jämförande med övning i försvarsmedicin, vilket sannolikt reflekterar skillnader i förkunskaper. Studie IV och V visade att SBT i låg- och hög realism genererade jämförbar arbetsbelastning och likvärdiga lärande effekter, vilket indikerar att miljö med låg realism är ett kostnadseffektivt alternativ för SBT. Studie V kan därmed utgöra en möjlig grund för vidare utveckling av utbildnings- och träningsmetoder inom den svenska Försvarsmakten.

Slutsatser: Resultaten i denna avhandling visar att systematiska förberedelser, ledarskap och teambuilding är avgörande för att stärka förmågan att hantera stress i marin kontext. SBT i miljö med låg realism kan komplettera mer avancerad träning i högrealistisk miljö och kan dessutom bidra till ökat lärande och förbättra den operativa förmågan. Resultaten ger både vetenskapliga och praktiska bidrag för att optimera träning/övning inom Försvarsmakten.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. p. 238
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1774
Keywords
Workload, Demands, Stress, Preparedness, SBT, Learning
National Category
Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-222330 (URN)10.3384/9789179294014 (DOI)9789179296834 (ISBN)9789179294014 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-04-23, Bella Donna, building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-03-30 Created: 2026-03-30 Last updated: 2026-03-30Bibliographically approved

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Hindorf, MarieLiif, EllenJonson, Carl-OscarBerggren, Peter
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