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Out-of-distribution detection in digital pathology: Do foundation models bring the end to reconstruction-based approaches?
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Media and Information Technology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8734-6500
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Media and Information Technology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5076-5798
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Media and Information Technology.
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Media and Information Technology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9217-9997
2025 (English)In: Computers in Biology and Medicine, ISSN 0010-4825, E-ISSN 1879-0534, Vol. 184, article id 109327Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown promising results for computational pathology tasks. However, one of the limitations in clinical practice is that these algorithms are optimised for the distribution represented by the training data. For out-of-distribution (OOD) data, they often deliver predictions with equal confidence, even though these often are incorrect. In the pursuit of OOD detection in digital pathology, this study evaluates the state-of-the-art (SOTA) in computational pathology OOD detection, based on diffusion probabilistic models, specifically by adapting the latent diffusion model (LDM) for this purpose (AnoLDM). We compare this against post-hoc methods based on the latent space of foundation models, which are SOTA in general computer vision research. The approaches are not only evaluated on data from the same medical centres as the training set, but also on several datasets with data distribution shifts. The results show that AnoLDM performs similarly well or better than diffusion model based approaches published in previous studies in computational pathology but with reduced computational costs. However, our optimal configuration of an approach based on foundation models (kang_residual) outperforms AnoLDM on OOD detection on data not experiencing any covariate shifts, with an AUROC of 96.17 versus 91.86. Interestingly, AnoLDM is more successful at handling the data distribution shifts investigated in this study. However, both AnoLDM and kang_residual suffer substantial loss in the performance under the data distribution shifts, hence future work should focus on improving the generalisation of OOD detection for computational pathology applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2025. Vol. 184, article id 109327
Keywords [en]
deep learning, medical imaging, computer vision, digital pathology
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences Computer graphics and computer vision Artificial Intelligence
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-212500DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109327OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-212500DiVA, id: diva2:1946578
Funder
Swedish e‐Science Research CenterWallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program (WASP)Linköpings universitetAvailable from: 2025-03-21 Created: 2025-03-21 Last updated: 2025-05-20

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Publisher's full texthttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010482524014124

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Poceviciute, MildaDing, YifanEilertsen, Gabriel

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Poceviciute, MildaDing, YifanBromée, RubenEilertsen, Gabriel
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Computers in Biology and Medicine
Computer and Information SciencesComputer graphics and computer visionArtificial Intelligence

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