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Preventing Benzoquinone-Based Catalyst Aggregation Enables the One-Step Synthesis of Highly Conductive Poly(benzodifurandione) without Post-Reaction Purification
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. (Wallenberg Wood Science Center)
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
n Ink AB, Kallvindsgatan 5, SE-60240 Norrköping, Sweden.
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3995-2776
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2025 (English)In: Advanced Materials, ISSN 0935-9648, E-ISSN 1521-4095, Vol. 37, no 17, article id 2502426Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Conductive polymers have become crucial in advancing various electronic applications. While p-type materials like poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) are widely used and produced at scale, the development of high-performance n-type polymers has lagged due to challenges in synthesis and scalability. In this work, a novel method is introduced to synthesize the highly conductive n-type polymer poly(benzodifurandione) (PBFDO) using alpha-tocopherylquinone (alpha-TQ) as a catalyst. This approach eliminates the need for post-reaction dialysis, a major obstacle to large-scale PBFDO production. By preventing catalyst aggregation, high electrical conductivity (>1320 S cm(-1)) is achieved, which remains stable in air for over 180 d, significantly simplifying the process. The alpha-TQ-synthesized PBFDO also exhibits excellent thermoelectric properties, with a power factor exceeding 100 mu W m(-1) K-2, placing it among the highest-performing n-type thermoelectric polymers. Additionally, residual alpha-TQ acts as a plasticizer, reducing the elastic modulus by over tenfold while maintaining high conductivity, making this material suitable for mechanically compliant electronics. Similarly, residual alpha-TQ lowers the thermal conductivity of PBFDO by more than an order of magnitude. The process is scalable, as demonstrated by producing high-conductivity ink in a 20 L reactor. This work presents an efficient and sustainable approach for large-scale n-type polymer production.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH , 2025. Vol. 37, no 17, article id 2502426
Keywords [en]
catalyst aggregation; n-type conductive polymers; PBFDO; scalable synthesis; thermoelectric properties
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-212735DOI: 10.1002/adma.202502426ISI: 001447088500001PubMedID: 40099625Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105000506812OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-212735DiVA, id: diva2:1949046
Note

Funding Agencies|National Research Foundation of Korea [2021.0058, 2020.0187, 2021.0230, 2022.0034, 2023.0464]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Swedish Research Council [2020-03243, 2020-04538, 2022-04053, 2022-04553]; European Commission [GA-955837, 101148701, GA-101084422]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoeping University [SFO-Mat-LiU 2009-00971]; National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea [2019R1A6A1A11044070]

Available from: 2025-04-01 Created: 2025-04-01 Last updated: 2025-05-21
In thesis
1. N-type Conducting Polymer Inks for Organic Thermoelectrics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>N-type Conducting Polymer Inks for Organic Thermoelectrics
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The persistent underdevelopment of n-type conducting polymers has impeded the progress of efficient organic thermoelectric (OTE) devices, which are critical for wearable electronics and low-grade heat harvesting. While p-type polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) PEDOT:PSS have driven advancements in organic electronics, the absence of air-stable, high-performance n-type counterparts has limited the practical application of OTE devices. This thesis addresses this imbalance by pioneering scalable, sustainable, and application-driven strategies to advance n-type polymers, focusing on the poly(benzodifurandione) (PBFDO) system.

The significance of this work lies in its holistic approach to overcoming industrial and environmental barriers. First, the development of α-tocopherylquinone (α-TQ) as a bio-inspired catalyst eliminates energy- and resource-intensive purification steps during PBFDO synthesis, enabling large-scale production (15 L batches) while achieving record conductivity (~1321 S cm⁻¹). This breakthrough not only resolves scalability challenges but also reduces thermal conductivity by an order of magnitude, which is critical for enhancing thermoelectric efficiency. Second, the creation of PDADF—the first n-type conjugated polymer synthesized entirely in water using a recyclable catalyst (TMQ-PANa)—establishes a sustainable pathway for eco-friendly organic electronics, aligning with global green manufacturing demands. Third, stabilizing PBFDO in water with zwitterionic additives overcomes the longstanding instability of doped polymers in aqueous environments, achieving unprecedented conductivity (1307 S cm⁻¹). Finally, integrating PBFDO into mechanically robust, washable textiles demonstrates the practical example of n-type thermoelectric yarns capable of powering devices (e.g., 0.67 µW at ΔT = 70 K), effectively bridging the gap between laboratory-scale materials and real-world wearable applications.

By redefining the synthesis, processing, and integration of n-type polymers, this work provides a blueprint for sustainable, high-performance organic thermoelectrics. It addresses systemic challenges in material scalability, environmental impact, and device integration, thereby accelerating the transition from academic research to industrially viable technologies. These advancements empower the development of self-powered wearables, large-area energy harvesters, and eco-conscious electronics, marking a pivotal step toward a future where organic thermoelectrics contribute meaningfully to sustainable energy solutions.

Abstract [sv]

Den ihållande underutvecklingen av n-typ ledande polymerer har hindrat framsteg inom effektiva organiska termolelektriska (OTE) enheter, vilka är avgörande för bärbar elektronik och utnyttjande av lågenergivärme. Medan p-typ polymerer såsom poly(3,4-etylendioxitiofen):poly(styrensulfonat) (PEDOT:PSS) har drivit utvecklingen inom organisk elektronik, har avsaknaden av luftstabila, högpresterande n-typ motsvarigheter begränsat den praktiska tillämpningen av OTE-enheter. Denna avhandling tar itu med denna obalans genom att bana väg för skalbara, hållbara och applikationsdrivna strategier för att utveckla n-typ polymerer med fokus på PBFDO-systemet.

Betydelsen av detta arbete ligger i dess holistiska angreppssätt för att övervinna industriella och miljömässiga barriärer. För det första eliminerar utvecklingen av α-tokoferylkinon (α-TQ) som en bioinspirerad katalysator energikrävande och resursintensiva reningssteg under PBFDO-syntesen, vilket möjliggör storskalig produktion (15 L omgångar) samtidigt som man uppnår rekordhög ledningsförmåga (~1321 S cm⁻¹). Genombrottet löser inte bara skalbarhetsutmaningar utan minskar även den termiska ledningsförmågan med en tiopotens, vilket är avgörande för att förbättra termolelektrisk effektivitet. För det andra etablerar skapandet av PDADF – den första n-typ konjugerade polymeren som helt syntetiserats i vatten med en återvinningsbar katalysator (TMQ-PANa) – en hållbar väg för miljövänlig organisk elektronik, i linje med globala krav på grön tillverkning. För det tredje övervinner stabiliseringen av PBFDO i vatten med hjälp av zwitterjoniska tillsatser den långvariga instabiliteten hos dopade polymerer i vattenmiljöer, vilket ger en oöverträffad ledningsförmåga (1307 S cm⁻¹). Slutligen demonstrerar integreringen av PBFDO i mekaniskt robusta, tvättbara textilier ett praktiskt exempel på n-typ termolelektriska garn som kan driva enheter (t.ex. 0,67 µW vid ΔT = 70 K), vilket effektivt överbryggar gapet mellan laboratoriematerial och verkliga bärbara applikationer.

Genom att omdefiniera syntesen, bearbetningen och integrationen av n-typ polymerer tillhandahåller detta arbete en modell för hållbara, högpresterande organiska termolelektriker. Det tar itu med systematiska utmaningar inom materialens skalbarhet, miljöpåverkan och enhetsintegration, vilket påskyndar övergången från akademisk forskning till industriellt genomförbara teknologier. Dessa framsteg möjliggör utvecklingen av självförsörjande bärbara enheter, storskaliga energihämtare och miljömedveten elektronik, och markerar ett avgörande steg mot en framtid där organiska termolelektriker bidrar väsentligt till hållbara energilösningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. p. 91
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2449
Keywords
Organic Thermoelectrics, N-Type Polymers, Conducting Polymers, Thermoelectric Textile, Conducting Ink, PBFDO
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-213265 (URN)9789181180923 (ISBN)9789181180930 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-06-03, K1, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 10:15 (English)
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Available from: 2025-04-28 Created: 2025-04-28 Last updated: 2026-06-04Bibliographically approved

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