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From policy to practice: The impact of EU policy on biogas systems
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Environmental Technology and Management. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0009-0008-6149-4573
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Biogas systems contribute to addressing societal challenges simultaneously by facilitating waste management, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing energy security, promoting nutrient recycling, and supporting the circular economy. However, this multifunctionality also inherently exposes these systems to the influence of multiple policy domains. Incoherent policy frameworks or conflicting regulations may hinder the full realization of biogas systems’ potential.

Studies have shown that the development of biogas in Europe has benefited from the support of national policy frameworks over the past three decades. However, a dynamic and uncertain policy landscape remains a significant challenge for the continued expansion of biogas systems. In recent years, the EU has significantly increased its focus on biogas and has introduced a series of policies under the framework of the European Green Deal. Policies such as the Farm to Fork Strategy and the EU Methane Strategy, which assigned a key role for biogas in sustainable food systems, bio-based circular economies, defossilisation, and energy self-sufficiency. REPowerEU has gone further by setting a production target for biomethane in the EU; the annual production will be 35 billion cubic meters annually by 2030, which means a sevenfold increase compared to the 2023 production level. While these policies benefit biogas, lifting it to a new stage of development, they also add complexity to the policy landscape.

This thesis illuminates the complex policy landscape and how EU policies have influenced the biogas system and what consequences they have generated. The research first examines the evolution of EU biogas-related policies through document analysis. It then combines literature review, interviews, system dynamics analysis, workshops, and surveys to assess the impact and consequences of EU policies on the biogas sector.

Results show that the number and types of EU policies related to biogas have been steadily increasing over time. In the early years (1980–1998), only non-binding documents mentioned biogas. Since 1999, at least one binding policy document related to biogas has been introduced every year. Furthermore, the way biogas is framed in policy documents has changed and diversified over time—from initially being addressed as a tool for regional cooperation within energy projects to playing roles in agriculture, environment, transport, food safety, the single market, and industry. Interviewees from different European countries generally perceive EU policies as having a positive impact on biogas development, particularly driven by climate targets. However, the influence is primarily indirect, as the development of the biogas sector in each European country still largely depends on national and/or other countries’ policy frameworks. The impact of EU policies on different parts of the biogas value chain is mixed—some policies have been encouraging, beneficial for expansion, while certain regulations and directives have created barriers or risks for the biogas sector.

These findings can help biogas stakeholders better understand how EU policy landscape has been shaping the biogas system. At the same time, they provide EU policymakers with insights into the conditions for biogas development in different member states and how these policies are interpreted. This, in turn, can enable EU policymakers to better balance the specific contexts of member states and create more favourable conditions for biogas development.

To conclude, for the European biogas sector, the optimal role for the EU is to fully recognize the sustainability and circular value of biogas systems, establish overarching goals, and act as a leader and supporter rather than a regulator. By developing a systemic governance approach, the EU may be able to flexibly balance and, to some extent, harmonize the diverse conditions across member states.

Abstract [sv]

Biogassystem bidrar till att samtidigt hantera samhälleliga utmaningar genom att underlätta avfallshantering, minska växthusgasutsläpp, förbättra energisäkerheten, främja näringsåtervinning och stödja cirkulär ekonomi. Denna multifunktionalitet gör också att dessa system utsätts för påverkan från flera politikområden. Okoordinerade policyramverk eller motsägelsefulla regler kan hindra den fulla realiseringen av biogassystemens potential.

Studier har visat att utvecklingen av biogas i Europa har gynnats av stöd från nationella policyramverk under de senaste tre decennierna. Samtidigt kvarstår en dynamisk och osäker politisk miljö som en betydande utmaning för den fortsatta expansionen av biogassystem. Under de senaste åren har EU kraftigt ökat sitt fokus på biogas och infört en rad policys inom ramen för European Green Deal. Policys som Farm to Fork Strategy och den EU Methane Strategy har tilldelat biogas en nyckelroll inom hållbara livsmedelssystem, biobaserad cirkulär ekonomi, avveckling av fossila bränslen och energisjälvförsörjning. REPowerEU har gått ännu längre genom att sätta upp ett produktionsmål för biometan inom EU: den årliga produktionen ska uppgå till 35 miljarder kubikmeter år 2030, vilket innebär en sjufaldig ökning jämfört med produktionsnivån 2023. Även om dessa policys gynnar biogas och lyfter den till en ny utvecklingsfas, tillför de också komplexitet till den politiska miljön.

Denna avhandling belyser det komplexa policylanskapet, hur EU:s policys har påverkat biogassystemet och vilka konsekvenser de har medfört. Forskningen analyserar först utvecklingen av EU:s biogasrelaterade policys genom dokumentanalys. Därefter kombineras litteraturgenomgång, intervjuer, systemdynamisk analys, workshops och enkäter för att bedöma EU-politikens effekter och konsekvenser för biogassektorn.

Resultaten visar att antalet och typerna av EU-policys relaterade till biogas har ökat stadigt över tid. Under de tidiga åren (1980–1998) nämndes biogas endast i icke-bindande dokument. Sedan 1999 har minst ett bindande policydokument relaterat till biogas introducerats varje år. Dessutom har sättet som biogas beskrivs i policydokument förändrats och diversifierats över tid – från att initialt ha behandlats som ett verktyg för regionalt samarbete inom energiprojekt till att spela roller inom jordbruk, miljö, transport, livsmedelssäkerhet, den inre marknaden och industrin. Intervjupersoner från olika europeiska länder uppfattar generellt EU:s policys som positiva för biogasutvecklingen, särskilt drivet av klimatmålen. Påverkan är dock främst indirekt, eftersom biogassektorns utveckling i varje europeiskt land fortfarande till stor del beror på nationella eller andra länders policyramverk. Effekterna av EU:s policys på olika delar av biogasvärdekedjan är blandade – vissa policys har varit uppmuntrande och gynnat expansion, medan vissa regleringar och direktiv har skapat hinder eller risker för biogassektorn.

Dessa resultat kan hjälpa biogasaktörer att bättre förstå hur EU:s policylanskap har format biogassystemet. Samtidigt ger de EU:s beslutsfattare insikter om förutsättningarna för biogasutveckling i olika medlemsländer och hur dessa policys tolkas. Detta kan i sin tur göra det möjligt för EU:s beslutsfattare att bättre balansera medlemsländernas specifika förutsättningar och skapa mer gynnsamma villkor för biogasens utveckling.

Sammanfattningsvis är den optimala rollen för EU inom den europeiska biogassektorn att fullt ut erkänna biogassystemens hållbarhetsvärde och cirkulära potential, etablera övergripande mål och agera som en ledare och stödjande kraft snarare än en reglerare. Genom att utveckla ett systemiskt styrningssätt kan EU potentiellt balansera och i viss mån harmonisera de varierande förutsättningarna mellan medlemsländerna.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 58
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Licentiate Thesis, ISSN 0280-7971 ; 2018
Keywords [en]
Biogas systems, Biomethane, EU policy, Multilevel governance, Systems thinking, Energy security, Policy evolution, Circular economy
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-212862DOI: 10.3384/9789181181074ISBN: 9789181181067 (print)ISBN: 9789181181074 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-212862DiVA, id: diva2:1950324
Presentation
2025-04-29, ACAS, A-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding: Biogas Solutions Research Centre (BSRC)

2025-04-07: Title page and title on cover differ. Title on cover is "From policy to practice: "The impact of EU policy on the biogas systems"

Available from: 2025-04-07 Created: 2025-04-07 Last updated: 2025-04-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Policy risks in the biogas sector - the case of Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Policy risks in the biogas sector - the case of Sweden
2024 (English)In: Biofuels, ISSN 1759-7269, E-ISSN 1759-7277Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Policy is decisive to stimulate biogas expansion; but policy-related factors may also inhibit the development. This study explores policy risks in the Swedish biogas sector and identifies strategies to mitigate these risks. The study is based on three workshops and a survey with participation of biogas stakeholders. The findings reveal that two major policy risks significantly impact the Swedish biogas sector: the ‘lack of long-term strategies’ and the ‘long and complicated permitting processes.’ ‘Limitations of permitted feedstocks’ and ‘limited system perspective—benefits of circular economy and sustainable food system’ are also among the most probable risks. More clearly defined roles for authorities at different administrative levels and the promotion of life cycle perspectives are critical to mitigate these risks. The research emphasizes that both EU and national governments play vital roles in reducing policy risks through predictable and long-term biogas strategies. Without these interventions, the potential of the Swedish biogas sector may remain underutilized.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2024
Keywords
policy risk; biogas; biomethane; institutional conditions
National Category
Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-208642 (URN)10.1080/17597269.2024.2417452 (DOI)001336294600001 ()
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, P2021-90266
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Biogas Solutions Research Center (BSRC) - Swedish Energy Agency [P2021-90266]

Available from: 2024-10-21 Created: 2024-10-21 Last updated: 2025-04-07Bibliographically approved

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