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Effect of Reconstruction Kernel and Virtual Monoenergetic Imaging on Segmentation-Based Measurement of Coronary Plaque Volume With Photon-Counting CT
Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV). Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Linköping.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5309-0829
Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Region Östergötland, Heart Center, Department of Cardiology in Linköping. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3418-1706
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Linköping. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5485-6769
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV). Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Linköping.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0973-9499
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2025 (English)In: Investigative Radiology, ISSN 0020-9996, E-ISSN 1536-0210, Vol. 60, no 9, p. 602-608Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objectives 

Coronary computed tomography angiography is the primary modality for noninvasive assessment of coronary artery disease. Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) offers superior spatial resolution and spectral imaging for detailed characterization of atherosclerotic plaques. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of virtual monoenergetic imaging (VMI) energy levels and reconstruction kernels on segmentation-based measurement of plaque volume in individuals with coronary atherosclerosis using PCCT.

Materials and Methods 

Fifty study participants underwent coronary computed tomography angiography with ultra-high-resolution PCCT. Both polyenergetic, 120 kVp (T3D) images and spectral images at varying VMI energy levels were reconstructed using different kernels. Plaque volumes were measured using semiautomated attenuation-based segmentation, adjusting segmentation thresholds for each VMI energy level. In addition, absolute plaque volume measurements were conducted using a coronary phantom simulating different plaque types.

Results 

Using a sharper kernel (Bv64 vs Bv48) significantly increased noncalcified plaque volume measurements (P < 0.005) in study participants, whereas a 0.2-mm slice thickness reduced calcified plaque volumes compared with 0.4 mm (P < 0.005). VMI energy level had no impact on measured volumes. Phantom measurements confirmed significant variability in measured volumes of calcified and noncalcified plaques depending on reconstruction method, as well as a minor effect of VMI level.

Conclusions 

In PCCT, the reconstruction kernel predominantly affects noncalcified coronary plaque quantification, whereas slice thickness mainly impacts calcified plaque volumes. In study participants, measured plaque volumes were not affected by VMI energy level when energy-specific segmentation thresholds were used, although a minor effect of VMI was observed in the phantom model.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) , 2025. Vol. 60, no 9, p. 602-608
National Category
Radiology and Medical Imaging
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-212955DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000001167ISI: 001542319100002PubMedID: 40009728Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105001990406OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-212955DiVA, id: diva2:1951582
Note

Funding Agencies|Heart-Lung Foundation (Hjart-Lungfonden)

Available from: 2025-04-11 Created: 2025-04-11 Last updated: 2026-02-25
In thesis
1. Assessment of Coronary Arteries with Photon Counting Detector Computed Tomography: Calcium Scoring and Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessment of Coronary Arteries with Photon Counting Detector Computed Tomography: Calcium Scoring and Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Computed tomography (CT) is widely used to evaluate patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). Coronary artery calcifications (CAC) scoring, of which Agatston score is the most widely used, has been utilized since the 1990s for cardiovascular risk estimation in asymptomatic patients. An AS of 0 strongly correlates with a lack of cardiovascular events over the following 5 years. In stenosis grading, conventional coronary CT angiography (CCTA) has high negative predictive value (NPV) but may overestimate stenosis severity due to limited spatial resolution and blooming artifacts. Photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) offers higher spatial resolution, reduced noise, and spectral imaging capabilities that enable virtual monoenergetic images (VMI), virtual non-contrast (VNC), and virtual non-calcium reconstructions, potentially improving diagnostic accuracy.

This thesis aimed to evaluate the reliability, advantages, and limitations of PCD-CT compared with conventional energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT) in the evaluation of coronary artery disease. In study I and II the correlation and agreement of Agatston score (AS), was evaluated between the two CT systems. In study II and IV the image quality was compared between the two CT systems. Study III investigated how reconstruction parameters affect different plaque component quantification with PCD-CT using ultra high-resolution mode. In study IV the measured grade of stenosis was compared between EID-CT, PCD-CT, using standard resolution mode (SR), with invasive coronary angiography as golden standard.

Study I used data of cadaveric hearts, study II and IV, were based on clinical patient data, while study III used data of SCAPIS (Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study) study subjects.

The first study showed that the AS, measured on cadaveric hearts, correlated excellently between PCD-CT and EID-CT with high reproducibility, confirming the comparability of the two methods for calcium quantification. The study of AS included in study II confirmed this result. The second study demonstrated that both systems provide high image quality in CCTAs, but that PCD-CT offers sharper calcium delineation as well as lower radiation dose and contrast volume with preserved image quality. The third study showed that in CCTA, reconstruction parameters influence the measured volume of coronary plaques. The fourth study showed that PCD-CT, when using a standard-resolution scan mode, provides diagnostic accuracy equivalent to EID-CT for coronary stenosis assessment, but with superior image quality.

In summary, the thesis demonstrates that PCD-CT provides image quality and quantitative diagnostic results that match or surpass those of conventional CT in the diagnosis of CAD, with potential for improved image sharpness, dose reduction, and more reliable plaque characterization. The studies also highlight the need for careful parameter optimization in CCTA acquisition and reconstruction protocols to improve CAD evaluation as well as segmentation-based plaque analysis tools in PCD-CT.

Abstract [sv]

Datortomografi (DT/CT) används i stor utsträckning för att utvärdera patienter med misstänkt kranskärlssjukdom (CAD). Konventionell kranskärls-DT- angiografi (CCTA) har ett högt negativt prediktivt värde men kan överskatta graden av stenos på grund av begränsad spatial upplösning och så kallade blooming-artefakter. Fotonräknande detektor-CT (PCD-CT) erbjuder högre spatial upplösning, minskat brus och spektrala avbildningsmöjligheter som möjliggör rekonstruktion av virtuella monokromatiska bilder (VMI), virtuella icke-kontrastbilder (VNC) och virtuella icke-kalkbilder, vilket kan förbättra den diagnostiska säkerheten.

Syftet med denna avhandling är att utvärdera tillförlitlighet, fördelar och begränsningar med PCD-CT jämfört med konventionell energi-integrerande detektor-DT (EID-CT) för kranskärlsdiagnostik.

I studie I och II utvärderades korrelation och överensstämmelse av Agatston score (AS), den vanligaste kalciumscore metoden, mellan de två DT-systemen. I studie II och IV jämfördes bildkvalitet mellan systemen. I studie III undersöktes hur rekonstruktionsparametrar påverkar kvantifiering av olika plackkomponenter med PCD-CT i ultrahögupplöst läge (UHR). I studie IV jämfördes graderingen av stenoser mellan EID-CT och PCD-CT, i standardupplösning, med invasiv kranskärlsangiografi som referensmetod. Studie II och IV, kliniska observationsstudier, baserades på kliniska patientdata, medan data från kadaverhjärtan användes i studie I och data från SCAPIS-deltagare i studie III, även dessa studier är observationsstudier. Den första studien visade att AS, uppmätt på kadaverhjärtan, överensstämde utmärkt mellan PCD-CT och EID-CT med hög reproducerbarhet, vilket bekräftar metodernas jämförbarhet för kalcium-scoremätning. Utvärderingen av AS i studie II bekräftade detta resultat. Den andra studien visade att båda systemen ger hög bildkvalitet vid CCTA, men att PCD-CT ger skarpare kalkavgränsning. PCD-CT ger möjlighet att använda lägre stråldos och kontrastmängd. Den tredje studien visade att val av rekonstruktion ”kernel” främst påverkar volymen av icke-förkalkade plackkomponenter, medan snitt tjockleken påverkar volymen av förkalkade plackkomponenter. Den fjärde, jämförande, studien visade att PCD-CT i standardupplösning ger lika hög diagnostisk noggrannhet som EID-CT vid bedömning av kranskärlsstenoser, men med bättre bildkvalitet.

Sammanfattningsvis visar avhandlingen att PCD-CT ger bildkvalitativa- och kvantitativa resultat som motsvarar eller överträffar konventionell DT vid diagnostik av kranskärlssjukdom, med potential för förbättrad bildskärpa, dosreduktion och mer tillförlitlig plackkarakterisering. Studierna betonar också behovet av noggrant val av parametrar för att förbättra CCTA-protokoll för bildtagning och rekonstruktion samt optimering av segmenteringsbaserade verktyg för plackanalys vid PCD-CT.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. p. 85
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 2010
Keywords
Computed Tomography, Photon Counting Detector CT, Calcium scoring, Agatston Score, Coronary CT Angiography, Stenos grading, Plaque caracterzation
National Category
Radiology and Medical Imaging
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-221518 (URN)10.3384/9789181183061 (DOI)9789181183054 (ISBN)9789181183061 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-04-17, Belladonna, Building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 13:00
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-02-25 Created: 2026-02-25 Last updated: 2026-02-25Bibliographically approved

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