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Making Sense of Artificial Intelligence for Global Environmental Governance: Ideas, Power, and Policy Pathways
Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5580-8221
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Att begripliggöra artificiell intelligens för global miljöstyrning : Idéer, makt och policyriktningar (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

This compilation thesis investigates how international actors make sense of the roles of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in environmental policy in their broader geopolitical context. Sense-making refers to the processes by which actors understand, describe, and relate to a phenomenon. In this work, I take ideas as an important tool through which sense-making occurs. I rely on the tools developed by discursive institutionalism to explore ideational power. AI is often defined as a general-purpose technology. This means that there is a variety of ways AI can be used, developed, with multiple opportunities and risks. As such, “AI” can be defined, steered, regulated, utilised and developed in a multitude of ways with a variety of governance implications. As a strong component of policymaking and institutions, ideas suggest (1) practical suggestions for action to (2) defined problems, and (3) what values and parameters should be considered. Ideas are consequently important factors in how AI is made sense of, both as a tool and as an object of environmental governance.

To explore how AI is made sense of in environmental policy, I focus on how international actors construe their ideas about AI in and for environmental governance (Paper I, Paper II, and Paper III). In addition, I explore how these ideas reflect broader geopolitical dynamics, in particular the power relations and the climate security perspectives that are upheld by them (Paper III and Paper IV). Finally, I seek to identify potential shortcomings and suggest some path forward to make sure the governance of AI will truly support sustainability transformation. This is done by exploring how researchers working with or on AI understand sustainability within responsible AI discussions (Paper V). Overall, I pay attention to ideas about AI -both as a tool and as an object of global environmental governance- and the broader discursive, institutional and geopolitical context within which they are constituted.

This research has a theoretical and an empirical contribution. Theoretically, it contributes to the discursive institutionalist literature by using AI as a case to explore three features of ideational power: power through, in and over ideas, paying particular attention to what ideals and perceived challenges motivate the use or governance of AI, and how these ideas are articulated within broader institutional, geopolitical and discursive contexts. Empirically, this research provides an overview of different ideas linking AI and global environmental governance, with a particular focus on climate policy.

Abstract [sv]

Denna sammanställningsuppsats undersöker hur internationella aktörer begripliggör artificiell intelligens (AI)-systemens roller i miljöpolitik i deras bredare geopolitiska sammanhang. Med begripliggörande menas de processer vilka genom aktörer förstår, beskriver och relaterar till ett fenomen. I detta arbete, utgår jag från idéer som ett viktigt verktyg genom vilket begripliggörande sker. Jag förlitar mig därför på litteraturen om diskursiv institutionalism. AI är ofta definierat som en teknologi för generella ändamål, vilket antyder att det finns flera sätt som AI kan användas, utvecklas, med flera möjligheter och risker. En sådan variation antyder att “AI” kan definieras, styras, regleras, användas och utvecklas på en mängd olika sätt med flertalet innebörder för hur det kan styras. Som en stark komponent av policy-utveckling och institutioner, definierar idéer (1) praktiska förslag till handling till (2) definierade problem, och (3) vilka värderingar och parametrar ska tas med i beräkningen. Idéer är därmed viktiga faktorer i hur AI begripliggörs, både som ett verktyg och som ett föremål för miljöpolitisk-styrning.  

För att undersöka hur AI begripliggörs i miljöpolicy, fokuserar jag på hur internationella aktörer konstruerar sina idéer om AI i och för miljöpolitisk styrning (Artikel I, Artikel II, och Artikel III). Dessutom, utforskar jag hur dessa idéer reflekterar bredare geopolitiska dynamiker, i synnerhet maktrelationerna och klimatsäkerhets-perspektiven som upprätthålls av dem (Artikel III och Artikel IV). Slutligen, ämnar jag identifiera potentiella tillkortakommanden och föreslå en väg framåt för att säkerställa att styrningen av AI sannerligen understödjer hållbar förändring. Detta görs genom att utforska hur forskare som arbetar på eller med AI förstår hållbarhet i diskussioner om ansvarsfull AI (Artikel V). Överlag uppmärksammar jag idéer om AI - både som ett verktyg och ett föremål för global miljöpolitisk styrning – och den bredare diskursiva, institutionella och geopolitiska kontext som de konstrueras inom.  

Denna forskning har ett teoretiskt och ett empiriskt bidrag. Teoretiskt, bidrar den till litteraturen om diskursiv institutionalism genom att använda AI som ett fall för att utforska tre egenskaper av idémässig makt: makt genom, i, och över idéer, med särskild inriktning mot vilka ideal och uppfattade utmaningar motiverar användning eller styrning av AI, och hur dessa idéer artikuleras inom bredare institutionella, geopolitiska och diskursiva kontexter. Empiriskt, bidrar forskningen med en översikt av olika idéer som kopplar AI till global miljöpolitisk styrning, med ett särskilt fokus på klimat-policy.

Abstract [fr]

La présente thèse examine comment les acteurs internationaux donnent un sens aux rôles qu’ont les systèmes d'intelligence artificielle (IA) dans les politiques environnementales, et ce dans leur contexte géopolitique plus large. Donner du sens à quelque chose se réfère aux processus par lesquels les acteurs comprennent, décrivent et se rapportent à un phénomène. Dans cette thèse, je considère les idées comme un outil important que l’on peut utiliser pour donner du sens à un phénomène. Pour cela, je m'appuie sur les outils analytiques développés par l'institutionnalisme discursif afin d’explorer le pouvoir idéationnel. L'IA est souvent définie comme une technologie polyvalente. Cela signifie qu'elle peut être utilisée et développée de multiples façons, avec de multiples opportunités et risques. Ainsi, l'IA peut être définie, orientée et réglementée de différentes façons, avec diverses implications en matière de gouvernance. En tant que composante essentielle dans l'élaboration des politiques et des institutions, les idées offrent (1) des suggestions pratiques d'action pour (2) des problèmes définis, et (3) les valeurs et paramètres à prendre en compte pour cela. Les idées jouent donc un rôle essentiel dans la façon dont on donne du sens à l'IA, tant comme outil que comme objet de gouvernance environnementale. 

Pour explorer la compréhension de l'IA dans les politiques environnementales, je m'intéresse à la manière dont les acteurs internationaux interprètent leurs idées sur cette technologie au regard de la gouvernance environnementale (Articles I, II et III). J'explore également la manière dont ces idées reflètent des dynamiques géopolitiques plus larges, notamment les relations de pouvoir et les perspectives de sécurité climatique qu'elles dénotent (Articles III et IV). Enfin, je cherche à identifier les lacunes potentielles et à proposer des pistes pour garantir que la gouvernance de l'IA soutienne véritablement les transformations vers un développement durable. Pour ce faire, je me penche sur la manière dont les chercheurs travaillant avec ou sur l'IA appréhendent les questions d’écologie dans le cadre des discussions sur l’IA responsable (Article V). En d’autres termes, je m'intéresse aux idées sur l'IA – à la fois comme outil et comme objet de gouvernance environnementale mondiale – et au contexte discursif, institutionnel et géopolitique plus large dans lequel elles s'inscrivent.

Cette thèse apporte une contribution théorique et empirique. Théoriquement, elle contribue à la littérature institutionnaliste discursive en utilisant l'IA comme cas d'étude pour explorer trois caractéristiques du pouvoir idéationnel : le pouvoir par, dans et sur les idées. J’accorde une attention particulière aux idéaux et aux défis perçus qui motivent l'utilisation ou la gouvernance de l'IA, et à la manière dont ces idées s'articulent dans des contextes institutionnels, géopolitiques et discursifs plus larges. Empiriquement, cette recherche offre un aperçu des différentes idées reliant l'IA à la gouvernance environnementale mondiale, en mettant un accent particulier sur les politiques climatiques.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 158
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 911
Keywords [en]
Artificial intelligence, Ideas, Discursive institutionalism, Global environmental governance
Keywords [fr]
Intelligence artificielle, Idées, Institutionnalisme discursif, Gouvernance environnementale globale
Keywords [sv]
Artificiell intelligens, Idéer, Diskursiv institutionalism, Global miljöstyrning
National Category
Other Geographic Studies Artificial Intelligence
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-213333DOI: 10.3384/9789181181159ISBN: 9789181181142 (print)ISBN: 9789181181159 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-213333DiVA, id: diva2:1955120
Public defence
2025-06-05, TEMCAS, Temahuset, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding: This dissertation was fully funded by MISTRA GEOPOLITICS under the umbrella of MISTRA — the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (grant ID: 2016/11 #5). 

Available from: 2025-04-29 Created: 2025-04-29 Last updated: 2025-05-08Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. AI and the governance of sustainable development. An idea analysis of the European Union, the United Nations, and the World Economic Forum
Open this publication in new window or tab >>AI and the governance of sustainable development. An idea analysis of the European Union, the United Nations, and the World Economic Forum
2023 (English)In: Environmental Science and Policy, ISSN 1462-9011, E-ISSN 1873-6416, Vol. 150, article id 103590Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper presents an idea analysis of AI in the policy documents and reports of the United Nations, the European Union, and the World Economic Forum. The three organisations expect AI to contribute to sustainability and a prosperous future with better data analysis, greater amounts of quantitative knowledge, and by making economic and social activities less wasteful and more energy efficient. Several challenges are also named: ethics, human rights, cybersecurity, access to reliable data, transparency, and the digital gap. The solutions presented are multi-stakeholder collaboration, cohesive but flexible governance frameworks, but also taking the lead to push for ethical and value-based AI and making sure AI is sustainable. Ideas about AI appear to stem from discourses of ecological modernisation and green governmentality. This framing turns political and structural challenges into technical issues to be solved with more data, greater collaboration, and technical progress. The similarities in ideas between the EU, the UN, and the World Economic Forum also suggest that ideas about AI and sustainable development have reached discourse institutionalisation. Ideas about AI are therefore likely to reinforce already existing institutional and discursive settings.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
Idea analysis; Artificial intelligence; Sustainable development; Global environmental governance; Discourse
National Category
Political Science (excluding Public Administration Studies and Globalisation Studies)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-198096 (URN)10.1016/j.envsci.2023.103590 (DOI)001082779500001 ()
Available from: 2023-09-25 Created: 2023-09-25 Last updated: 2025-04-29
2. Artificial intelligence for environmental security: national, international, human and ecological perspectives
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Artificial intelligence for environmental security: national, international, human and ecological perspectives
2023 (English)In: Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, ISSN 1877-3435, E-ISSN 1877-3443, Vol. 61, article id 101250Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Scientists and decision-makers recognise artificial intelligence (AI) as a potential tool to solve sustainability issues. However, AI solutions can be leveraged for different ends and through different means. This paper presupposes that this process is contingent upon overarching environmental security discourses. It reviews how the use of AI as presented in the literature fits into national, international, human and ecological security perspectives. A national climate security discourse could emphasise military uses of AI and its role in propaganda and misinformation. The international security discourse suggests that international organisations can take advantage of AI to conduct their mission. However, transnational companies can also benefit from AI, with potential negative outcomes on consumption and resource extraction. Public–private collaboration for military AI grants transnational companies and states tools to hinder environmental movements. A human security discourse emphasises the role of AI in reaching the sustainable development goals but should consider potential power imbalances to prevent inequalities. Finally, an ecological understanding of climate security emphasises the role of algorithms in shaping our vision of the environment, and how it potentially estranges us from other cosmologies and the environmental impact of AI. This reflection opens avenues to explore the interplay between AI, geopolitics and environmental protection.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
National Category
Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-191131 (URN)10.1016/j.cosust.2022.101250 (DOI)000960509100001 ()2-s2.0-85146452832 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-01-19 Created: 2023-01-19 Last updated: 2025-04-29Bibliographically approved

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