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Engineering Resilient Quantum Randomness
Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8734-2833
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Random numbers are a necessary resource in many fields of computer science and natural sciences. They are used in a wide range of applications, including simulations, statistical sampling, gaming, and cryptography. Traditional randomness in computing is often generated by pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs), which are software algorithms that produce sequences of numbers that appear random but are actually deterministic. If enough of the internal state of the PRNG is known, any future output can be predicted. This is particularly problematic in cryptographic applications, where the security of the system relies on the unpredictability on randomly generated passwords and keys. In cryptography, it is also important that the random numbers are private, meaning that they must not be known by a possible attacker. The concept of privacy is best illustrated by an attack scenario where an adversary has pre-programmed the random number generator to generate a (for the adversary) known sequence. The sequence can then appear to be random, even though it is not private, as information about the sequence exists both with the legitimate user and with the attacker.

Quantum mechanics provides a fundamentally different approach to randomness generation, as it allows us to generate truly random numbers based on the inherent uncertainty when measuring quantum states. Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) exploit the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics to produce random numbers that are not predictable, regardless of how much knowledge one has about the generator. The theoretical frameworks within quantum mechanics also offer the possibility to implement modern protocols that can certify the generated numbers to be private, ensuring that the QRNGs are secure against potential adversaries.

In this thesis, we present contributions to the field of photonic quantum random number generation, focusing on alternative implementations of measurement-device-independent (MDI) protocols. These protocols aim to eliminate potential vulnerabilities associated with the measurement devices used in QRNGs. We show that fiber-optic interferometers are a suitable platform for preparing quantum states for MDI-QRNGs, and we demonstrate the use of Sagnac interferometers as state preparation devices. We also explore novel platforms such as perovskite light-emitting diodes for quantum information processing tasks.

By combining experimental innovation with modern theoretical frameworks, this thesis presents a series of advancements that push the boundaries of quantum random number generation. It demonstrates that high-quality, certifiable, and private randomness can be generated using accessible and scalable technologies, paving the way for secure crypto-graphic hardware that is resilient to both classical and quantum adversaries.

Abstract [sv]

Slumptal är en nödvändig resurs för många områden inom datavetenskapen och naturvetenskapen. De används för en mängd olika ändamål, såsom simuleringar, statistiska urval, spel och kryptografi. Traditionellt genereras slump i datorer ofta av pseudo-slumptalsgeneratorer (PRNG) vilka är mjukvarualgoritmer som producerar sekvenser av tal som verkar slump-mässiga men som i själva verket är deterministiska. Om tillräckligt mycket av det interna tillståndet i PRNG:n är känt kan framtida utdata förutsägas. Detta är särskilt problematiskt i kryptografiska tillämpningar, där systemets säkerhet är beroende av oförutsägbarheten hos slumpmässigt genererade lösenord och nycklar. Inom kryptografi är det också viktigt att de slumpmässiga talen är privata, vilket innebär att de inte får vara kända av en eventuell angripare. Konceptet privathet illustreras bäst av ett attackscenario där en angripare har förprogrammerat slumptalsgeneratorn att generera en (för angriparen) känd sekvens. Sekvensen kan då verka slumpmässig, även om den inte är privat, eftersom information om sekvensen finns både hos den legitima användaren och hos angriparen.

Kvantmekaniken möjliggör ett fundamentalt annorlunda tillvägagångssätt för generering av slumpmässiga tal, eftersom det baserat på den inneboende osäkerheten i kvantmekaniska mätningar går att generera äkta slumptal. Kvantslumptalsgeneratorer (QRNG) utnyttjar den probabilistiska naturen hos kvantmekanik för att producera slumpmässiga tal som inte är förutsägbara, oavsett hur mycket vetskap man har om generatorn. De teoretiska ramverken inom kvantmekaniken ger också möjligheten att implementera moderna protokoll som kan certifiera att de genererade talen är privata, vilket säkerställer att QRNG:n är säker mot potentiella angripare.

I denna avhandling presenterar vi bidrag till området fotoniska kvantslumptalsgeneratorer, med fokus på alternativa implementeringar av measurement-device-independent-protokoll (MDI-protokoll). Dessa protokoll syftar till att eliminera potentiella sårbarheter som är förknippade med mätapparaten som används i QRNG:n. Vi visar att fiberoptiska interferometrar är en lämplig plattform för att bereda kvanttillstånd för MDI-QRNG:er, och vi demonstrerar användandet av Sagnac-interferometrar som tillståndsberedningsenheter. Vi utforskar också nya plattformar såsom perovskitlysdioder för att utföra behandling av kvantinformation.

Genom att kombinera experimentell innovation med moderna teoretiska metoder presenterar denna avhandling en serie framsteg som utmanar gränserna för kvantslumptalsgenerering. Avhandlingen visar att högkvalitativ, certifierbar och privat slump kan genereras med hjälp av tillgänglig och skalbar teknik, vilket banar väg för säker kryptografisk hårdvara som är motståndskraftig mot såväl klassiska angrepp som kvantangripare.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 154
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2468
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-216271DOI: 10.3384/9789181182057ISBN: 9789181182040 (print)ISBN: 9789181182057 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-216271DiVA, id: diva2:1988342
Public defence
2025-09-19, Ada Lovelace, B-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-08-11 Created: 2025-08-11 Last updated: 2025-08-11Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A tunable quantum random number generator based on a fiber-optical Sagnac interferometer
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A tunable quantum random number generator based on a fiber-optical Sagnac interferometer
2022 (English)In: Journal of Optics, ISSN 2040-8978, E-ISSN 2040-8986, Vol. 24, no 6, article id 064010Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) are based on naturally random measurementresults performed on individual quantum systems. Here, we demonstrate a branching-pathphotonic QRNG implemented using a Sagnac interferometer with a tunable splitting ratio. Thefine-tuning of the splitting ratio allows us to maximize the entropy of the generated sequence ofrandom numbers and effectively compensate for tolerances in the components. By producingsingle-photons from attenuated telecom laser pulses, and employing commercially-availablecomponents we are able to generate a sequence of more than 2 gigabytes of random numberswith an average entropy of 7.99 bits/byte directly from the raw measured data. Furthermore, oursequence passes randomness tests from both the NIST and Dieharder statistical test suites, thuscertifying its randomness. Our scheme shows an alternative design of QRNGs based on thedynamic adjustment of the uniformity of the produced random sequence, which is relevant forthe construction of modern generators that rely on independent real-time testing of itsperformance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Bristol, United Kingdom: Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP), 2022
Keywords
quantum random number generation, tunable beamsplitter, fiber-optic Sagnac interferometer
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics Probability Theory and Statistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-184813 (URN)10.1088/2040-8986/ac68f4 (DOI)000791571600001 ()
Note

Funding: CENIIT Linkoping University; Swedish Research Council [VR 2017-04470]; QuantERA grant SECRET [VR 2019-00392]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation through the Wallenberg Center for Quantum Technology (WACQT)

Available from: 2022-05-06 Created: 2022-05-06 Last updated: 2025-08-11Bibliographically approved
2. All-fiber Dynamically Tunable Beamsplitter for Quantum Random Number Generators
Open this publication in new window or tab >>All-fiber Dynamically Tunable Beamsplitter for Quantum Random Number Generators
2022 (English)In: Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference / [ed] Optica Publishing Group, Optica Publishing Group , 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this work we demonstrate an all-fiber dynamically tunable beamsplitter based on a Sagnac interferometer capable of realizing measurement-device independent protocols for certifying the privacy of the generated sequence.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optica Publishing Group, 2022
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-190866 (URN)10.1364/LAOP.2022.Th1A.2 (DOI)9781957171135 (ISBN)
Conference
Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference, Recife, Brazil, 7–11 August 2022
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2017-04470Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationSwedish Research Council, 2019-00392
Note

J. Argillander, A. Alarcón, and G. B. Xavier, "All-fiber Dynamically Tunable Beamsplitter for Quantum Random Number Generators," in Latin America Optics and Photonics (LAOP) Conference 2022, Technical Digest Series (Optica Publishing Group, 2022), paper Th1A.2.

Available from: 2023-01-03 Created: 2023-01-03 Last updated: 2025-08-11Bibliographically approved
3. Dynamic generation of photonic spatial quantum states with an all-fiber platform
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Dynamic generation of photonic spatial quantum states with an all-fiber platform
2023 (English)In: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 31, no 6, p. 10673-10683Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Photonic spatial quantum states are a subject of great interest for applications in quantum communication. One important challenge has been how to dynamically generate these states using only fiber-optical components. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate an all-fiber system that can dynamically switch between any general transverse spatial qubit state based on linearly polarized modes. Our platform is based on a fast optical switch based on a Sagnac interferometer combined with a photonic lantern and few-mode optical fibers. We show switching times between spatial modes on the order of 5 ns and demonstrate the applicability of our scheme for quantum technologies by demonstrating a measurement-device-independent (MDI) quantum random number generator based on our platform. We run the generator continuously over 15 hours, acquiring over 13.46 Gbits of random numbers, of which we ensure that at least 60.52% are private, following the MDI protocol. Our results show the use of photonic lanterns to dynamically create spatial modes using only fiber components, which due to their robustness and integration capabilities, have important consequences for photonic classical and quantum information processing.(c) 2023 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optica Publishing Group, 2023
National Category
Other Physics Topics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-193996 (URN)10.1364/OE.481974 (DOI)000974423800007 ()37157609 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; QuantERA grant SECRET [VR 2019-268 00392]; Swedish Research 266 Council [VR 2017-04470]; Centrum foer Industriell Informationsteknologi, Linkoepings Universitet

Available from: 2023-05-23 Created: 2023-05-23 Last updated: 2025-08-11
4. Quantum random number generation based on a perovskite light emitting diode
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Quantum random number generation based on a perovskite light emitting diode
Show others...
2023 (English)In: Communications Physics, E-ISSN 2399-3650, Vol. 6, no 1, article id 157Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

True random number generation is not thought to be possible using a classical approach but by instead exploiting quantum mechanics genuine randomness can be achieved. Here, the authors demonstrate a certified quantum random number generation using a metal-halide perovskite light emitting diode as a source of weak coherent polarisation states randomly producing an output of either 0 or 1. The recent development of perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs) has the potential to revolutionize the fields of optical communication and lighting devices, due to their simplicity of fabrication and outstanding optical properties. Here we demonstrate that PeLEDs can also be used in the field of quantum technologies by implementing a highly-secure quantum random number generator (QRNG). Modern QRNGs that certify their privacy are posed to replace classical random number generators in applications such as encryption and gambling, and therefore need to be cheap, fast and with integration capabilities. Using a compact metal-halide PeLED source, we generate random numbers, which are certified to be secure against an eavesdropper, following the quantum measurement-device-independent scenario. The obtained generation rate of more than 10 Mbit s(-1), which is already comparable to commercial devices, shows that PeLEDs can work as high-quality light sources for quantum information tasks, thus opening up future applications in quantum technologies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
NATURE PORTFOLIO, 2023
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-196383 (URN)10.1038/s42005-023-01280-3 (DOI)001021076100003 ()2-s2.0-85163769070 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding: CENIIT Linkouml;ping University; Swedish Research Council [2017-04470]; QuantERA grant SECRET [2019-00392]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation through the Wallenberg Centre for Quantum Technology (WACQT); ERC Starting Grant [717026]; Wallenberg Academy Fellowship; Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cientifico y Tecnologico (FONDECYT) [1200859]; ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program [ICN17_012]; Linkoeping University

Available from: 2023-07-27 Created: 2023-07-27 Last updated: 2026-03-13
5. Secure quantum random number generation with perovskite photonics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Secure quantum random number generation with perovskite photonics
Show others...
2024 (English)In: QUANTUM COMPUTING, COMMUNICATION, AND SIMULATION IV, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING , 2024, Vol. 12911, article id 129111BConference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In the field of cryptography, it is crucial that the random numbers used in key generation are not only genuinely random but also private, meaning that no other party than the legitimate user must have information about the numbers generated. Quantum random number generators can offer both properties - fundamentally random output, as well as the ability to implement generators that can certify the amount of private randomness generated, in order to remove some side-channel attacks. In this study we introduce perovskite technology as a resilient platform for photonics, where the resilience is owed to perovskite's ease of manufacturing. This has the potential to mitigate disruptions in the supply chain by enabling local and domestic manufacturing of photonic devices. We demonstrate the feasibility of the platform by implementing a measurement-device independent quantum random number generator based on perovskite LEDs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2024
Series
Proceedings of SPIE, ISSN 0277-786X
Keywords
quantum cryptography; perovskite; qrng; measurement-device-independent; national resilience; semiconductor supply
National Category
Computer Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-204376 (URN)10.1117/12.2692061 (DOI)001211753800046 ()9781510670839 (ISBN)9781510670822 (ISBN)
Conference
Conference on Quantum Computing, Communication, and Simulation IV, San Francisco, CA, jan 27-feb 01, 2024
Note

Funding Agencies|CENIIT Linkoping University; Swedish Research Council [2016-04470]; QuantERA grant SECRET [2019-00392]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation through the Wallenberg Centre for Quantum Technology (WACQT); ERC Starting Grant [717026]; Wallenberg Academy Fellowship; Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cientifico y Tecnologico (FONDECYT); ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program [ICN17_012]

Available from: 2024-06-12 Created: 2024-06-12 Last updated: 2025-08-11

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