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Ultra-Low-Power Optical Front-Ends and System Design for Implantable Fluorescence Sensing Applications
Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Computer Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Fluorescence-based biosensing has revolutionized biomedical research, offering a powerful tool for non-invasive cellular monitoring. By leveraging optical detection techniques, these systems enable precise tracking of biochemical processes at the microscale. Implantable fluorescence sensing systems enable real-time biomedical monitoring, providing high-resolution cellular activity detection in vivo environments. These systems are crucial for tracking biomarkers like calcium ion concentrations, advancing disease diagnostics. To ensure long-term operation, they must be miniaturized and ultra-low power, enabling efficient signal acquisition and data communication within the strict constraints of implantable devices.

This research proposes innovative front-end designs for implantable fluorescence sensing, addressing challenges in sensitivity, dynamic range (DR), and power efficiency. A novel tunable transimpedance amplifier (TIA) was designed to detect currents from 1 pA to 400 pA, using pseudo-resistor (PR) feedback to minimize silicon area. To ensure reliable signal acquisition in varying lighting conditions, an ambient light cancellation technique was developed, demonstrating 1 pA sensitivity with a total front-end power consumption of 61.8 μW. Furthermore, to address the DR limitation, a novel two-step conversion technique was introduced, extending the DR by 2 bits to 72.3 dB using a 10-bit successive approximation register (SAR) analog to digital converter (ADC), achieving an effective resolution of 12 bits. A further optimized design extended the DR by 3 bits, utilizing a 12-bit SAR ADC, pushing the effective DR to 15 bits, along with a high-speed, fast-settling technique for the PR TIA block, implemented in 65 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS).

Earlier implementations of front-ends in this study focused on overcoming individual challenges. To provide a solution for implantable non-invasive fluorescent monitoring, the final development in this thesis proposes a system-on-chip (SoC) that integrates the optical front-end with the proposed power management and wireless communication units. This SoC marks progress toward a fully miniaturized and ultra-low-power solution.

The developed SoC integrates a high-sensitivity optical front-end with the proposed fast-settling TIA (configurable gain: 2 bits) and a light-emitting diode (LED) driver (configurable current: 2 bits) for fluorescence excitation, alongside a radio frequency (RF) energy-harvesting and power management unit (PMU). The PMU includes the proposed ultra-low-power battery monitoring and dual-mode low-dropout regulators, enabling the idle and standby modes to further reduce power consumption. Data acquisition is managed by a 12-bit SAR ADC and a power-optimized Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) for standby mode, which temporarily stores measurements before wireless transmission to a base station. Implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology, the SoC achieves a configurable sensitivity of 0.5–2 pA, operating at an average power consumption of 1 μW, and supporting an upper DR limit of 1 nA–5 nA. This compact 2 x 2.7 mm2 SoC represents a major step forward in next-generation wireless fluorescence biosensing, unlocking new possibilities for real-time implantable applications.

Abstract [sv]

Fluorescensbaserad biosensorik har revolutionerat biomedicinsk forskning genom att erbjuda ett kraftfullt verktyg för icke-invasiv cellulär övervakning. Genom att utnyttja optiska detektionstekniker möjliggör dessa system noggrann spårning av biokemiska processer på mikroskala. Implanterbara fluorescenssensorer möjliggör realtidsövervakning av biomedicinska parametrar och ger högupplöst detektion av cellulär aktivitet i in vivo-miljöer. Dessa system är avgörande för att spåra biomarkörer såsom kalciumjonkoncentrationer, vilket bidrar till förbättrad sjukdomsdiagnostik. För att säkerställa långvarig drift måste de vara miniatyriserade och extremt strömsnåla, vilket möjliggör effektiv signalinsamling och datakommunikation inom de strikta begränsningarna för implanterbara enheter.

Denna forskning föreslår innovativa front-end-lösningar för implanterbar fluorescenssensorik och hanterar utmaningar relaterade till känslighet, dynamiskt område och energieffektivitet. En nyutvecklad tunerbar transimpedansförstärkare designades för att detektera strömmar från 1 pA till 400 pA, med hjälp av pseudo-resistiv återkoppling för att minimera kiselarean. För att säkerställa pålitlig signalinsamling under varierande ljusförhållanden utvecklades en teknik för omgivningsljuskompensation, vilket demonstrerade 1 pA känslighet med en total front-end effektförbrukning på 61,8 μW. Vidare introducerades en ny tvåstegs konverteringsteknik för att utöka det dynamiska området med 2 bitar till 72,3 dB genom en 10-bitars SAR-ADC, vilket uppnådde en effektiv upplösning på 12 bitar. En ytterligare optimerad design förlängde DR med 3 bitar genom att använda en 12-bitars SAR-ADC, vilket ökade det effektiva DR till 15 bitar, tillsammans med en höghastighets fast-settling-teknik för PRTIA- blocket, implementerad i 65 nm CMOS.

Tidigare implementeringar av front-ends i denna studie fokuserade på att lösa enskilda utmaningar. För att möjliggöra en lösning för implanterbar, icke-invasiv fluorescensövervakning föreslår den slutliga utvecklingen i denna avhandling ett system-on-chip (SoC) som integrerar den optiska front-end:en med den föreslagna strömsystem- och trådlösa kommunikationsenheten. Detta SoC markerar ett framsteg mot en fullt miniatyriserad och ultra-låg effektlösning.

Det utvecklade SoC:et integrerar en högkänslig optisk front-end med den föreslagna fast-settling TIA (konfigurerbar förstärkning: 2 bitar) och en LED-driver (konfigurerbar ström: 2 bitar) för fluorescensexcitation, tillsammans med en RF-energiutvinnings- och strömhanteringsenhet (PMU). PMU inkluderar den föreslagna ultralåg effekt batteriövervakningen och dubbel-läges LDO-regulatorer, vilket möjliggör idle- och standby-lägen för att ytterligare minska strömförbrukningen. Datainsamlingen hanteras av en 12-bitars SARADC och ett effektoptimerat SRAM för standby-läge, vilket tillfälligt lagrar mätningar innan trådlös överföring till en basstation. Implementerad i 65 nm CMOS-teknologi, uppnår SoC:et en konfigurerbar känslighet på 0,5–2 pA, med en genomsnittlig effektförbrukning på 1 μW och stöd för ett övre dynamiskt områdesgräns på 1 nA–5 nA. Detta kompakta 2 x 2,7 mm2 SoC representerar ett stort framsteg inom nästa generations trådlösa fluorescensbiosensorer, vilket öppnar nya möjligheter för realtidsapplikationer inom implanterbar teknologi.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 73
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2465
Keywords [en]
Transimpedance Amplifier, Fluorescence Detection, Implantable Sensors, Ultra-Low Power, System-on-Chip
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-216314DOI: 10.3384/9789181181920ISBN: 9789181181913 (print)ISBN: 9789181181920 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-216314DiVA, id: diva2:1988725
Public defence
2025-09-17, Ada Lovelace, B Building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

2025-08-13: The thesis was first published online. The online published version reflects the printed version. 

2025-10-08: The thesis was updated with an errata list which is also downloadable from the DOI landing page. Before this date the PDF has been downloaded 79 times.

Available from: 2025-08-13 Created: 2025-08-13 Last updated: 2025-10-08Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A Low Power Front-end for Biomedical Fluorescence Sensing Applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Low Power Front-end for Biomedical Fluorescence Sensing Applications
2020 (English)In: 2020 IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NorCAS) / [ed] Jari Nurmi, Dag T. Wisland, Snorre Aunet, Kristian Kjelgaard, IEEE, 2020Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper presents a CMOS optical analog frontend for an implantable fluorescence biosensor for single-cell measurements. The front-end is configurable by a set of switches and consists of three integrated photodiodes (PD), three transimpedance amplifiers (TIA) for detecting a current range between 1 pA up to 10 mA. Also, ambient light and dark current canceling technique is proposed to make the sensor operate at different environmental conditions. The proposed front-end could be configured for ultra-low light detection or ultra-low power consumption. The circuit is simulated at the post-layout level. The minimum integrated input-referred current noise is obtained as 546 fA at the average power consumption of 1 μW for bandwidth (BW) of 1.4 kHz. For ultra-low-power configuration, the front-end has an average power consumption of 24 nW and input integrated current noise of 210 pA with 50 kHz BW.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2020
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-179809 (URN)10.1109/NorCAS51424.2020.9264996 (DOI)000722249100006 ()9781728192260 (ISBN)9781728192277 (ISBN)
Conference
2020 IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NorCAS), Oslo, Norway, 27-28 Oct. 2020
Note

Funding: Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [RMX18-0066]

Available from: 2021-10-04 Created: 2021-10-04 Last updated: 2025-08-25
2. A configurable fluorescence sensing front-end for ultra-low power and high sensitivity applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A configurable fluorescence sensing front-end for ultra-low power and high sensitivity applications
2022 (English)In: Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, ISSN 0925-1030, E-ISSN 1573-1979, Vol. 110, no 1, p. 3-17Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper presents an ultra-low power, high sensitivity configurable CMOS fluorescence sensing front-end for implantable biosensors at single-cell level measurements. The front-end is configurable by a set of switches and consists of three integrated photodiodes (PD), three transimpedance amplifiers (TIA) for detecting a current range between 1 pA up to 10 mA. Also, an ambient light canceling technique is proposed to make the sensor operate under different environmental conditions. The proposed front-end could be configured for ultra-low light detection or ultra-low power consumption. The circuit is designed and fabricated in a 0.35 mu m standard CMOS technology, and the measurement results are presented. The minimum integrated input-referred current noise is measured as 1.07 pA with the total average power consumption of 61.8 mu W at an excitation frequency of 80 Hz. For ultra-low-power configuration, the front-end has an average power consumption of 119 nW and input integrated current noise of 210 pA at an excitation frequency of 20 kHz.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2022
Keywords
Ultra-low-power; High-sensitivity; Fluorescence detection; Transimpedance amplifier; Ambient light cancelation
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-181447 (URN)10.1007/s10470-021-01953-5 (DOI)000721405100001 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [RMX18-0066]

Available from: 2021-11-30 Created: 2021-11-30 Last updated: 2025-08-25
3. A Dynamic Range Extension Technique for Pseudo-Resistive Transimpedance Amplifiers Based on Two-Step Conversion
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Dynamic Range Extension Technique for Pseudo-Resistive Transimpedance Amplifiers Based on Two-Step Conversion
2022 (English)In: 2022 IEEE NORDIC CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (NORCAS), IEEE , 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper proposes a dynamic range (DR) extension technique based on a two-step conversion for high-sensitivity multi-element pseudo-resistive (MEPR) transimpedance amplifiers (TIA). In optical biomedical sensors targeted for fluorescence measurement applications, the front-ends high sensitivity and wide DR are critical for accurately recording cellular variations. In this work, the most significant bits (MSB) are extracted by a 2-bit current digital-to-analog converter (DAC) then the least significant bits (LSB) are extracted by a 10-bit successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The current DACs are composed of identical pseudo-resistor (PR) elements used in the TIA feedback to make the MSB extraction robust against the process and mismatch variations. This technique preserves the linearity of the conversion while using the current DACs to improve the DR. The proposed front-end implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology achieves a DR of 72.3 dB with current detection of 1 pA up to 4.13 nA at a sampling rate of 1 kS/s. The total front-end consumes a power of 45 mu w from a 2.5 V supply.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2022
Keywords
Fluorescence Detection; Pseudo-Resistive Transimpedance Amplifier; Dyanimc Range Extension; Two-Step Conversion
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-190508 (URN)10.1109/NORCAS57515.2022.9934371 (DOI)000889469600008 ()9798350345506 (ISBN)9798350345513 (ISBN)
Conference
8th IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NorCAS), Oslo, NORWAY, oct 25-26, 2022
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) [RMX18-0066]

Available from: 2022-12-13 Created: 2022-12-13 Last updated: 2025-08-25
4. A Low-Power Battery Charge and Discharge Protection Circuit for Bio-Implantable Sensors in 65nm CMOS
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Low-Power Battery Charge and Discharge Protection Circuit for Bio-Implantable Sensors in 65nm CMOS
2024 (English)In: 2024 31ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MIXED DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEM, MIXDES 2024, IEEE , 2024, p. 68-74Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper proposes an ultra-low power complete battery protection circuit with key four features to avoid battery malfunction and damage during charging and discharging modes for bio-implantable battery-powered sensors. The protection circuit is complemented by a recovery capability managed by a biasing approach in charging and discharging mode, ensuring the recovery of a fully depleted battery and disconnected protection circuits for cold start conditions. The charger part of the circuit connects the battery to the energy harvester while avoiding over-voltage and under-voltage charging by providing a safe narrow charging window of 4 V to 4.2 V and consuming only 460 pW in 65 urn standard CMOS technology in post-layout simnlation. The low-power discharge protection circuits, consuming 520 pW, disconnect the battery from both continuous and switching loads to avoid full depletion of the battery. The fourth protective feature is provided by an ultra-low power, 80 pW, deep-sleep protection circuit extending the integrated battery-powered sensor storage time from a week to a month avoiding battery replacement after a long period of inactivity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2024
Keywords
Bio-Implantable sensors; Battery protection circuit; Power management; Integrated Battery-powered sensor; Low-power CMOS
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-208483 (URN)10.23919/MIXDES62605.2024.10614007 (DOI)001288529200013 ()9798350375701 (ISBN)9788363578268 (ISBN)
Conference
31st International Conference on Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits and System (MIXDES), Gdansk, POLAND, jun 27-28, 2024
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) [RMXI8-0066]

Available from: 2024-10-15 Created: 2024-10-15 Last updated: 2025-08-25
5. A Low-Power Wireless Optical SoC for Fluorescence Monitoring
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Low-Power Wireless Optical SoC for Fluorescence Monitoring
Show others...
2025 (English)In: 2025 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2025, p. 1-5Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper presents a low-power, optical systemon-chip (SoC) enabling wireless fluorescence detection. The proposed SoC, in size of 2 x 2.7 mm2, integrates a high-sensitivity optical front-end, battery management unit and energy harvesting, and a wireless data transceiver. A fast-settling transimpedance amplifier (TIA) ensures rapid startup and minimizes power consumption, supported by dual-mode low dropout regulators (LDO regulators) for efficient power management. The SoC achieves ultra-low power, 1 μW, operation with 0.5 pA sensitivity, suitable for non-invasive cellular monitoring. The SoC is implemented using 65 nm CMOS technology.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2025
Keywords
Implantable SoC, Low-Power Design, Wireless Optical Sensor, Fluorescence detection
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-216313 (URN)10.1109/ISCAS56072.2025.11044147 (DOI)9798350356830 (ISBN)9798350356847 (ISBN)
Conference
2025 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), London, United Kingdom, May 25-28, 2025
Note

Funding agency: The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) under project nr. RMX18-0066

Available from: 2025-08-13 Created: 2025-08-13 Last updated: 2025-08-25Bibliographically approved

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Qasemi, Seyed Ruhallah

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