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Ultra-Low Power System-on-Chip Design for Implantable Fluorescence Sensing Applications
Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Computer Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Implantable fluorescence sensors enable real-time biomolecular monitoring with deeper physiological insights than benchtop microscopy. Operating in vivo, these sensors track biochemical changes and disease progression with minimal interference. To overcome the limitations of existing biomolecular monitoring systems, this research presents a novel ultra-low-power, wireless configurable system-on-chip (SoC) for implantable fluorescence sensing.

This research progresses from the initial study and implementation of optical frontends to the development of the final fabricated SoC, which integrates all subsystems, including optical signal processing, data acquisition, power management, and wireless communication into a single compact solution.

To achieve highly sensitive fluorescence detection, three innovative transimpedance amplifiers have been designed in CMOS technology to address key challenging requirements for sensitivity, dynamic range, and ambient light interference. The final SoC incorporates a fast-settling pseudo-resistive transimpedance amplifier with a configurable sensitivity range of 0.5-2 pA and a dynamic range upper limit of 1-5 nA, ensuring highly sensitive fluorescence detection. Further refinements in system design enable data acquisition and reliable storage of biological signals with a 12-bit 10 KS/s SAR ADC and a 12Kb power-optimized 10T SRAM memory.

Furthermore, to enable long-term reliable operation of the SoC, a novel power management solution has been developed to optimize energy efficiency while maintaining system performance. This solution utilizes RF energy harvesting and proposes a four-function low-power battery monitoring unit for regulated charging and discharging. As part of this development, a newly designed dual-mode low dropout regulator is introduced, allowing high-current supply during active measurement and transitioning to an ultra-low quiescent state during idle and standby modes. This solution also includes power gating and a pulsed operation scheme within the SoC to minimize unnecessary power dissipation. To further enhance power efficiency, a fast-settling front-end has been designed to facilitate rapid optical measurement transitions.

In addition, a wireless data transfer system that enables remote configurability of the SoC parameters and low-power data uplink to the base station has been developed. The designed amplitude shift keying demodulator allows remote configuration of optical front-end gain (2 bits) and LED driver current (2 bits), adapting the system to various fluorescence sensing conditions. The utilized backscatter-based communication approach in the uplink enables fluorescence data transmission without the need for a dedicated power amplifier. Additionally, a timing synchronization mechanism using relaxation oscillators is developed to coordinate measurement, data storage, and communication operations, ensuring fully autonomous operation of the implantable SoC throughout the entire measurement process.

By incorporating the advancements developed in this research in sensing accuracy, power efficiency, and wireless configurability, an innovative implantable SoC for fluorescence sensing has been developed as the final stage of this study. Fabricated in 65 nm CMOS, the final SoC achieves an ultra-low average power consumption of 1 µW while maintaining a fluorescence detection sensitivity of 1.1 pA within a compact 2 × 2.7 mm² form factor. This represents a step forward in fully implantable biosensing, providing a scalable and energy-efficient solution for long-term biomolecular monitoring in freely moving subjects.

Abstract [sv]

Implanterbara fluorescenssensorer möjliggör biomolekylär övervakning i realtid med djupare fysiologisk insikt än vad som kan uppnås med mikroskopi på labbänken. Genom att fungera in vivo kan dessa sensorer följa biokemiska förändringar och sjukdomsförlopp med minimal påverkan på kroppen. För att övervinna begränsningarna hos befintliga system för biomolekylär övervakning presenterar denna forskning ett nytt, ultra-strömsnålt och trådlöst konfigurerbart systemkrets (SoC) för implanterbar fluorescensmätning.

Arbetet sträcker sig från den inledande studien och implementeringen av optiska front-end-komponenter till utvecklingen av den slutgiltiga färdiga systemkretsen, som integrerar alla delsystem – inklusive optisk signalbehandling, datainsamling, energihantering och trådlös kommunikation – i en kompakt lösning.

För att uppnå mycket känslig fluorescensdetektion har tre innovativa transimpedansförstärkare utformats i CMOS-teknik, där man hanterar utmaningar kring känslighet, dynamiskt omfång och störningar från omgivningsljus. Den färdiga systemkretsen innehåller en snabbstabiliserande pseudo-resistiv transimpedansförstärkare med justerbart känslighetsintervall från 0,5 till 2 pA och ett övre dynamiskt gränsvärde på 1 till 5 nA, vilket möjliggör mycket känslig mätning av fluorescens. Ytterligare förbättringar i systemdesignen möjliggör datainsamling och tillförlitlig lagring av biologiska signaler med en 12-bitars, 10 KS/s SAR ADC och ett 12 Kb energieffektivt 10T SRAM-minne För långsiktig och tillförlitlig drift av systemet har en ny energihanteringslösning utvecklats för att optimera energieffektiviteten utan att kompromissa med systemets prestanda. Lösningen använder RF-energiinsamling och inkluderar en fyrfunktionell batteriövervakningsenhet för reglerad laddning och urladdning. Som en del av denna lösning har en ny dubbel-läges låg-dropout-regulator utvecklats, vilket möjliggör hög strömtillförsel vid aktiv mätning och övergång till ett ultra-lågt viloläge vid standby. Lösningen inkluderar även strömgating och pulsstyrd drift för att minimera onödig energiförbrukning. För att ytterligare förbättra energieffektiviteten har ett snabbt stabiliserande optiskt front-end utformats för att möjliggöra snabba mätväxlingar.

Dessutom har ett trådlöst datakommunikationssystem utvecklats, som möjliggör fjärrkonfiguration av systemparametrar och energisnål överföring till en basstation. Den konstruerade amplitudmodulerade nycklingsdemodulatorn (ASK) tillåter fjärrstyrd inställning av förstärkning (2 bitar) i det optiska front-end och LED-strömstyrning (2 bitar), vilket anpassar systemet till olika mätförhållanden. Den bakåtspridningsbaserade kommunikationslösningen möjliggör dataöverföring utan behov av en dedikerad effektförstärkare. Ett synkroniseringssystem med relaxation oscillatorer används för att samordna mätning, datalagring och kommunikation, vilket säkerställer ett helt autonomt arbete av det implanterbara systemet genom hela mätprocessen.

Genom att kombinera de framsteg som gjorts inom mätprecision, energieffektivitet och trådlös konfigurerbarhet har ett innovativt implanterbart system för fluorescensmätning utvecklats som slutresultat av denna studie. Den färdiga systemkretsen, tillverkad i 65 nm CMOS-teknik, uppnår en genomsnittlig strömförbrukning på endast 1 µW samtidigt som den bibehåller en mätningskänslighet på 0,5 pA, allt inom en kompakt yta på 2 × 2,7 mm². Detta representerar ett viktigt steg framåt för helt implanterbara biosensorer och möjliggör en skalbar och energisnål lösning för långsiktig biomolekylär övervakning i fritt rörliga individer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 99
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2466
Keywords [en]
Implantable fluorescence sensing, Low-Power System on Chip, wireless sensor, Transimpedance amplifier
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-216936DOI: 10.3384/9789181181944ISBN: 9789181181937 (print)ISBN: 9789181181944 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-216936DiVA, id: diva2:1991633
Public defence
2025-09-24, Ada Lovelace B-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

2025-08-25: The thesis was first published online. The online published version reflects the printed version. 

2025-10-13: The thesis was updated with an errata list which is also downloadable from the DOI landing page. Before this date the PDF has been downloaded 169 times.

Available from: 2025-08-25 Created: 2025-08-25 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A Low Power Front-end for Biomedical Fluorescence Sensing Applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Low Power Front-end for Biomedical Fluorescence Sensing Applications
2020 (English)In: 2020 IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NorCAS) / [ed] Jari Nurmi, Dag T. Wisland, Snorre Aunet, Kristian Kjelgaard, IEEE, 2020Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper presents a CMOS optical analog frontend for an implantable fluorescence biosensor for single-cell measurements. The front-end is configurable by a set of switches and consists of three integrated photodiodes (PD), three transimpedance amplifiers (TIA) for detecting a current range between 1 pA up to 10 mA. Also, ambient light and dark current canceling technique is proposed to make the sensor operate at different environmental conditions. The proposed front-end could be configured for ultra-low light detection or ultra-low power consumption. The circuit is simulated at the post-layout level. The minimum integrated input-referred current noise is obtained as 546 fA at the average power consumption of 1 μW for bandwidth (BW) of 1.4 kHz. For ultra-low-power configuration, the front-end has an average power consumption of 24 nW and input integrated current noise of 210 pA with 50 kHz BW.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2020
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-179809 (URN)10.1109/NorCAS51424.2020.9264996 (DOI)000722249100006 ()9781728192260 (ISBN)9781728192277 (ISBN)
Conference
2020 IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NorCAS), Oslo, Norway, 27-28 Oct. 2020
Note

Funding: Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [RMX18-0066]

Available from: 2021-10-04 Created: 2021-10-04 Last updated: 2025-08-25
2. A configurable fluorescence sensing front-end for ultra-low power and high sensitivity applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A configurable fluorescence sensing front-end for ultra-low power and high sensitivity applications
2022 (English)In: Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, ISSN 0925-1030, E-ISSN 1573-1979, Vol. 110, no 1, p. 3-17Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper presents an ultra-low power, high sensitivity configurable CMOS fluorescence sensing front-end for implantable biosensors at single-cell level measurements. The front-end is configurable by a set of switches and consists of three integrated photodiodes (PD), three transimpedance amplifiers (TIA) for detecting a current range between 1 pA up to 10 mA. Also, an ambient light canceling technique is proposed to make the sensor operate under different environmental conditions. The proposed front-end could be configured for ultra-low light detection or ultra-low power consumption. The circuit is designed and fabricated in a 0.35 mu m standard CMOS technology, and the measurement results are presented. The minimum integrated input-referred current noise is measured as 1.07 pA with the total average power consumption of 61.8 mu W at an excitation frequency of 80 Hz. For ultra-low-power configuration, the front-end has an average power consumption of 119 nW and input integrated current noise of 210 pA at an excitation frequency of 20 kHz.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2022
Keywords
Ultra-low-power; High-sensitivity; Fluorescence detection; Transimpedance amplifier; Ambient light cancelation
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-181447 (URN)10.1007/s10470-021-01953-5 (DOI)000721405100001 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [RMX18-0066]

Available from: 2021-11-30 Created: 2021-11-30 Last updated: 2025-08-25
3. A Dynamic Range Extension Technique for Pseudo-Resistive Transimpedance Amplifiers Based on Two-Step Conversion
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Dynamic Range Extension Technique for Pseudo-Resistive Transimpedance Amplifiers Based on Two-Step Conversion
2022 (English)In: 2022 IEEE NORDIC CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (NORCAS), IEEE , 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper proposes a dynamic range (DR) extension technique based on a two-step conversion for high-sensitivity multi-element pseudo-resistive (MEPR) transimpedance amplifiers (TIA). In optical biomedical sensors targeted for fluorescence measurement applications, the front-ends high sensitivity and wide DR are critical for accurately recording cellular variations. In this work, the most significant bits (MSB) are extracted by a 2-bit current digital-to-analog converter (DAC) then the least significant bits (LSB) are extracted by a 10-bit successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The current DACs are composed of identical pseudo-resistor (PR) elements used in the TIA feedback to make the MSB extraction robust against the process and mismatch variations. This technique preserves the linearity of the conversion while using the current DACs to improve the DR. The proposed front-end implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology achieves a DR of 72.3 dB with current detection of 1 pA up to 4.13 nA at a sampling rate of 1 kS/s. The total front-end consumes a power of 45 mu w from a 2.5 V supply.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2022
Keywords
Fluorescence Detection; Pseudo-Resistive Transimpedance Amplifier; Dyanimc Range Extension; Two-Step Conversion
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-190508 (URN)10.1109/NORCAS57515.2022.9934371 (DOI)000889469600008 ()9798350345506 (ISBN)9798350345513 (ISBN)
Conference
8th IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NorCAS), Oslo, NORWAY, oct 25-26, 2022
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) [RMX18-0066]

Available from: 2022-12-13 Created: 2022-12-13 Last updated: 2025-08-25
4. A Low-Power Battery Charge and Discharge Protection Circuit for Bio-Implantable Sensors in 65nm CMOS
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Low-Power Battery Charge and Discharge Protection Circuit for Bio-Implantable Sensors in 65nm CMOS
2024 (English)In: 2024 31ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MIXED DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEM, MIXDES 2024, IEEE , 2024, p. 68-74Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper proposes an ultra-low power complete battery protection circuit with key four features to avoid battery malfunction and damage during charging and discharging modes for bio-implantable battery-powered sensors. The protection circuit is complemented by a recovery capability managed by a biasing approach in charging and discharging mode, ensuring the recovery of a fully depleted battery and disconnected protection circuits for cold start conditions. The charger part of the circuit connects the battery to the energy harvester while avoiding over-voltage and under-voltage charging by providing a safe narrow charging window of 4 V to 4.2 V and consuming only 460 pW in 65 urn standard CMOS technology in post-layout simnlation. The low-power discharge protection circuits, consuming 520 pW, disconnect the battery from both continuous and switching loads to avoid full depletion of the battery. The fourth protective feature is provided by an ultra-low power, 80 pW, deep-sleep protection circuit extending the integrated battery-powered sensor storage time from a week to a month avoiding battery replacement after a long period of inactivity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2024
Keywords
Bio-Implantable sensors; Battery protection circuit; Power management; Integrated Battery-powered sensor; Low-power CMOS
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-208483 (URN)10.23919/MIXDES62605.2024.10614007 (DOI)001288529200013 ()9798350375701 (ISBN)9788363578268 (ISBN)
Conference
31st International Conference on Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits and System (MIXDES), Gdansk, POLAND, jun 27-28, 2024
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) [RMXI8-0066]

Available from: 2024-10-15 Created: 2024-10-15 Last updated: 2025-08-25
5. A Low-Power Wireless Optical SoC for Fluorescence Monitoring
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Low-Power Wireless Optical SoC for Fluorescence Monitoring
Show others...
2025 (English)In: 2025 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2025, p. 1-5Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper presents a low-power, optical systemon-chip (SoC) enabling wireless fluorescence detection. The proposed SoC, in size of 2 x 2.7 mm2, integrates a high-sensitivity optical front-end, battery management unit and energy harvesting, and a wireless data transceiver. A fast-settling transimpedance amplifier (TIA) ensures rapid startup and minimizes power consumption, supported by dual-mode low dropout regulators (LDO regulators) for efficient power management. The SoC achieves ultra-low power, 1 μW, operation with 0.5 pA sensitivity, suitable for non-invasive cellular monitoring. The SoC is implemented using 65 nm CMOS technology.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2025
Keywords
Implantable SoC, Low-Power Design, Wireless Optical Sensor, Fluorescence detection
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-216313 (URN)10.1109/ISCAS56072.2025.11044147 (DOI)9798350356830 (ISBN)9798350356847 (ISBN)
Conference
2025 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), London, United Kingdom, May 25-28, 2025
Note

Funding agency: The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) under project nr. RMX18-0066

Available from: 2025-08-13 Created: 2025-08-13 Last updated: 2025-08-25Bibliographically approved

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Rafati, Maryam

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