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A Photo-Patternable Solid-State Electrolyte for High-Performance, Miniaturized, and Implantable Organic Electrochemical Transistor-Based Circuits
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5398-9295
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4270-1131
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
Ctr Bioelect Med, Sweden; Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
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2025 (English)In: Advanced Materials, ISSN 0935-9648, E-ISSN 1521-4095, Vol. 37, no 44, article id e09314Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are crucial for next-generation (bio-)electronic devices but are often constrained by the use of aqueous electrolytes, which introduce crosstalk, hinder miniaturization, and limit circuit integration. Here, a photo-patternable solid-state electrolyte based on iota-carrageenan (iota-CGN) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) is presented, enabling high-performance OECTs and complementary circuits. The iota-CGN electrolyte exhibits high ionic conductivity (>10 mS cm(-1)), comparable to a 0.1 m NaCl aqueous electrolyte, while supporting precise patterning down to 15 mu m, fast transient response times, minimal hysteresis, and excellent stability in both p- and n-type OECTs. Compact solid-state NAND/NOR gates (500 x 800 mu m(2)), 4-input NAND gates (1600 x 800 mu m(2), 8 OECTs), and half-adders (2 x 1 mm(2), 18 OECTs) are demonstrated, all exhibiting correct logic functions and low-voltage operation. To highlight its potential for implantable bioelectronics, solid-state spiking circuits, monolithically integrated with flexible cuff electrodes, are developed for vagus nerve stimulation in mice. These findings establish iota-CGN-based solid-state electrolytes as a promising platform for scalable, implantable circuits, paving the way for next-generation bioelectronic devices.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH , 2025. Vol. 37, no 44, article id e09314
Keywords [en]
implantable bioelectronics; integrated complementary logic circuits; organic electrochemical transistors; photo-patternable solid-state electrolyte
National Category
Inorganic Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-217498DOI: 10.1002/adma.202509314ISI: 001556100900001PubMedID: 40845361Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105013867275OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-217498DiVA, id: diva2:1996443
Note

Funding Agencies|Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse

Available from: 2025-09-09 Created: 2025-09-09 Last updated: 2026-02-03Bibliographically approved

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Yang, ChiyuanLi, QifanDonahue, MaryTu, DeyuFabiano, Simone

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Xiong, MiaoYang, ChiyuanJi, JunpengLi, QifanDonahue, MaryGao, DaceWu, HanyanXu, YincaiTu, DeyuFabiano, Simone
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