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The role of emotion regulation in the developmental course of nonsuicidal self-injury during adolescence
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), the deliberate harm to one’s body without suicidal intent, is a significant concern among adolescents, often serving as a means to regulate overwhelming emotions. This thesis explores the role of emotion regulation (ER) in the developmental course of NSSI during adolescence, employing quantitative and qualitative methods that include cross-sectional and longitudinal data from both clinical and community samples.

Study I (n = 3,169) investigated the relationship between child abuse and lifetime NSSI in older adolescents aged 16 to 19 years (M = 18.1, SD = 0.5), finding that ER difficulties and trauma symptoms fully mediated this association. This finding underscores ER as a key mechanism linking early adversity to NSSI. Study II (n = 198) examined the development of ER difficulties over time using latent transition analysis, identifying five distinct profiles of ER difficulties among early adolescents aged 13 to 16 years (M age at T1 = 14.20, SD =0.58). Most adolescents reported no or low levels of ER difficulties, and the majority of those reporting difficulties improved over time. One unique and unstable group was identified, marked by high impulsivity during emotional distress. This group decreased in size over time, with parental support and gender emerging as potential influences on ER development. Studies III (n = 21, M age = 21.2, SD = 0.8) and IV (n = 26, M age = 21.2, SD = 0.8) provided a qualitative perspective on NSSI cessation and healthcare experiences, using interviews with young adults with lived experience of NSSI during adolescence. Participants described how internal, relational, and contextual changes facilitated cessation, all of which were interpreted as improving ER. Additionally, their reflections on healthcare emphasized the value of a collaborative understanding, cognitive and emotional growth, and stable and validating therapeutic relationships. These processes can also be viewed as affecting ER, further highlighting its role in healthcare.

In conclusion, this thesis adds to the understanding of how ER specifically relates to the development of NSSI. Focusing on ER could potentially prevent the development of NSSI, even in those with experience of child abuse. Encouragingly, ER is dynamic and modifiable; most adolescents report improvement over time, which can be shaped by factors such as gender and parental support. However, for those who continue self-injuring, the persistence of NSSI may reflect a lack of access to, or reinforcement of, alternative ER strategies. Importantly, the cessation of NSSI is closely tied to the strengthening of ER, often facilitated by meaningful interpersonal connections, supportive environments, and validating therapeutic care. These findings point to the importance of interventions that enhance ER and the broader emotional context surrounding adolescents, with implications for prevention, treatment, and mental health services. For example, ER could be enhanced through mental health professionals’ treatment of patients, using validation and collaboration.

Abstract [sv]

Att skada sig själv avsiktligt, utan att ha för avsikt att dö, är vanligt förekommande hos ungdomar. Självskadebeteende används ofta som en strategi för att hantera känslor. I denna avhandling undersöks vilken roll förmågan att reglera känslor, så kallad emotionsreglering, har i utvecklingen, vidmakthållandet och upphörandet av självskadebeteende under ungdomsåren. Arbetet bygger på både kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder, och inkluderar data från såväl skolungdomar som unga vuxna med erfarenhet av självskadebeteende och psykiatrisk vård under ungdomsåren.

I Studie I analyserades sambandet mellan olika former av övergrepp under barndomen och självskadebeteende hos ungdomar i åldern 16 till 19 år (n = 3,169). Resultaten visade att erfarenhet av övergrepp under barndomen ökade risken för svårigheter med emotionsreglering och traumasymtom, vilket i sin tur ökade risken för självskadebeteende.

Studie II följde ungdomar i åldern 13-16 år (med medelåldern 14,2 år vid start, n = 198) över tid för att se hur deras förmåga att reglera känslor utvecklades. De flesta ungdomar hade inga eller få självrapporterade emotionsregleringssvårigheter, och generellt förbättrades förmågan med åren. En grupp ungdomar visade dock höga nivåer av svårigheter inom alla områden av emotionsreglering. En annan mindre grupp uppvisade specifika svårigheter med impulsivitet vid emotionell påfrestning. Denna grupp blev mindre över tid, och stöd från föräldrar sågs påverka denna förbättring. Pojkar förbättrades också i sina självrapporterade emotionsregleringssvårigheter i större utsträckning än flickor.

Studie III (n = 21) och IV (n = 26) ger en djupare inblick i emotionsregleringens roll vid självskadebeteende över tid genom intervjuer med unga vuxna (medelålder 21,2 år) som tidigare haft erfarenhet av självskadebeteende. Emotionsreglering tolkades ha en avgörande roll i upphörandet av självskadebeteende, där förändringar i deltagarnas inre, i deras relationer och i deras livssituation möjliggjorde förbättrad emotionsreglering och därigenom upphörandet. I deras erfarenheter av vården framhävdes betydelsen av gemensam förståelse av självskadebeteendet och överenskommelse kring inriktningen på behandlingen, kognitiv mognad och framförallt stabila och validerande terapeutiska relationer – faktorer som indirekt kan ses bidra till en stärkt förmåga att reglera känslor.

Sammantaget visar avhandlingens resultat att emotionsreglering är en nyckelfaktor i både uppkomsten och upphörandet av självskadebeteende. Svårigheter med emotionsreglering förklarar sambandet mellan barndomsövergrepp och självskadebeteende, vilket antyder att insatser som stärker denna förmåga kan förebygga självskadebeteende även hos de med traumatiska barndomserfarenheter. Emotionsreglering framträder som en dynamisk och påverkbar färdighet, där faktorer som kön och föräldrastöd har betydelse. Att sluta skada sig själv hänger nära samman med förbättrad emotionsreglering, vilket i sin tur ofta möjliggörs genom meningsfulla relationer, stödjande miljöer och vård som präglas av förståelse och bekräftelse. Dessa fynd understryker vikten av att preventiva, behandlande och omvårdande insatser inte bara fokuserar på individens förmåga att reglera känslor, utan också på att stärka det stödjande nätverk som omger ungdomar – i familjen, skolan och vården

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 115
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1988
Keywords [en]
Nonsuicidal self-injury, Emotion regulation, Adolescence, Development, Social support, Cognitive growth, Emotional growth
National Category
Psychology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-218224DOI: 10.3384/9789181181470ISBN: 9789181181463 (print)ISBN: 9789181181470 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-218224DiVA, id: diva2:2002279
Public defence
2025-11-06, Berzeliussalen, building 463, Campus Valla, Linköping, 09:00
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-09-30 Created: 2025-09-30 Last updated: 2025-09-30Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Emotional Dysregulation and Trauma Symptoms Mediate the Relationship Between Childhood Abuse and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Emotional Dysregulation and Trauma Symptoms Mediate the Relationship Between Childhood Abuse and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents
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2022 (English)In: Frontiers in Psychiatry, E-ISSN 1664-0640, Vol. 13, article id 897081Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BackgroundNonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is common in adolescents. Emotion dysregulation has been identified as a core mechanism in the development and maintenance of NSSI and it is therefore an important target when addressing NSSI. The pathogenic connection between different kinds of childhood abuse, difficulties in emotion regulation and NSSI needs further investigation. The objective of this study was to examine whether difficulties with emotion regulation and trauma symptoms, separately and together, mediate the relationships between sexual, physical and emotional abuse and NSSI. MethodCross-sectional data was collected from 3,169 adolescent high-school students aged 16-19 years (M = 18.12, SD = 0.45). Data from self-reported experiences of childhood abuse, current difficulties with emotion regulation (measured with the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale, DERS-16) and trauma symptoms (measured with the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children, TSCC), and NSSI were collected. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed relationships between variables. ResultsThe prevalence of life-time NSSI was 27.4%. Prevalence of reported childhood abuse was 9.2, 17.5, and 18.0% for sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, respectively. Childhood abuse, difficulties with emotion regulation and trauma symptoms exhibited significant positive associations with NSSI in adolescents. Emotional dysregulation and trauma symptoms were both found to mediate the relationship between childhood abuse and NSSI. Latent variable models were found to fit data well. ConclusionResults indicate that increased levels of emotional dysregulation and trauma symptoms in relation to childhood abuse contribute to the increased risk of NSSI. Further, results point to some aspects of emotional dysregulation and trauma symptoms being more important in this regard. Clinical implications are discussed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media SA, 2022
Keywords
emotional dysregulation; childhood abuse; sexual abuse; physical abuse; emotional abuse; nonsuicidal self-injury; trauma; mediation
National Category
Psychiatry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-188154 (URN)10.3389/fpsyt.2022.897081 (DOI)000840658000001 ()35966492 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs through Childrens Welfare Foundation Sweden [A2019/01729/MR]; Swedbank Scientific Research Foundation [17/20171208]; Swedish Research Council [2018-05820]

Available from: 2022-09-06 Created: 2022-09-06 Last updated: 2025-09-30
2. Exploring the cessation process from adolescence to young adulthood in individuals with lived experience of nonsuicidal self-injury: a qualitative study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring the cessation process from adolescence to young adulthood in individuals with lived experience of nonsuicidal self-injury: a qualitative study
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2025 (English)In: Journal of Adolescence, ISSN 0140-1971, E-ISSN 1095-9254, Vol. 97, no 1, p. 263-277Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

IntroductionNonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a common and concerning behavior in adolescents. However, most adolescents cease NSSI as they transition into adulthood. Increased knowledge of the cessation process is needed. This study aimed to qualitatively explore the factors contributing to NSSI cessation in individuals with lived experience of NSSI, providing valuable insights for treatment strategies.MethodsTwenty-six individuals assigned female sex at birth, between ages 20-22 years, from Sweden were interviewed between 2021 and 2023 in Link & ouml;ping, Sweden. Of these, 21 individuals perceived themselves as having ceased NSSI and were included in the analysis. Thematic analysis and Hooley and Franklins' Benefits and Barriers Model of NSSI were used to analyze the transcripts.ResultsThree overarching themes were generated: "Something inside me changed", "Something in my close relationships changed", and "Something in my life context changed". The cessation of NSSI was associated with several key factors. Improved well-being and envisioning a different future were pivotal in initiating the cessation process. Additionally, interpersonal relationships and support from others were interpreted as powerful motivators for change. Transitioning to a new social context and leaving behind a destructive environment provided opportunities for personal growth and enhanced well-being, interpreted as initiators in the participants' broader life context.ConclusionThis study underscores the complexity of the NSSI cessation process and highlights the need for a comprehensive understanding of the underlying factors. Access to emotion regulation skills was perceived as a significant barrier to NSSI engagement. Clinical implications and different interventions to support NSSI cessation are discussed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
WILEY, 2025
Keywords
Benefits and Barriers Model; cessation; nonsuicidal self-injury; recovery; thematic analysis
National Category
Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-208442 (URN)10.1002/jad.12417 (DOI)001324460800001 ()39358954 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85205588624 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Linkopings Universitet; Vetenskapsradet

Available from: 2024-10-14 Created: 2024-10-14 Last updated: 2025-09-30
3. Young adults looking back at their experiences of treatment and care for nonsuicidal self-injury during adolescence: a qualitative study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Young adults looking back at their experiences of treatment and care for nonsuicidal self-injury during adolescence: a qualitative study
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2024 (English)In: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, E-ISSN 1753-2000, Vol. 18, no 1, article id 16Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BackgroundNonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is associated with stigma, and negative attitudes among healthcare professionals toward NSSI have been reported. A person-centered approach that focuses on how individuals with lived experience of NSSI perceive the treatment and care they receive is invaluable in reducing barriers to help-seeking and improving treatment and mental healthcare services. The aim of the current qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of young adults when they look back upon their experiences of psychiatric treatment for NSSI during adolescence.MethodsTwenty-six individuals with lived experience of NSSI who were in contact with child and adolescent psychiatry during adolescence were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsThree main themes were developed: Changed perceptions in retrospect, The importance of a collaborative conceptualization and Lasting impression of the relationship. Participants' perception of themselves as well as the treatment changed over time. The importance of a joint understanding of NSSI and an agreed-upon treatment focus was emphasized. The relationship to the mental health professionals, and experiences of how NSSI was communicated, were salient several years later.ConclusionsHealthcare professionals need to communicate about NSSI in a respectful manner and include the perspective of the adolescent with lived experience of NSSI in a joint conceptualization of NSSI and treatment focus.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BMC, 2024
Keywords
Nonsuicidal self-injury; Child and adolescent psychiatry; Lived experience; Thematic analysis; Health care professionals; Young adults; Adolescence
National Category
Psychiatry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-200661 (URN)10.1186/s13034-024-00706-2 (DOI)001146266300002 ()38245758 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Linkping University

Available from: 2024-02-05 Created: 2024-02-05 Last updated: 2025-09-30

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