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Affective Somatosensation and the (dis) Embodied Self: Neural and behavioral mechanisms across neuropsychiatric conditions
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9220-1170
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Humans’ earliest and most salient experiences are those of touch. Both self-touch and touch by others are foundational in learning the physical boundaries of the body and distinguishing the self from others. This capacity for self-other distinction supports not only bodily self-awareness but also underlies social cognition and accurate body image. A coherent bodily self arises through the integration of interoceptive and exteroceptive input, with affective touch playing a particularly crucial role. When these integrative processes are disrupted, as often seen in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and Anorexia Nervosa (AN), individuals frequently report tactile hypersensitivities, altered embodiment, and difficulties in social cognition. Neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions are frequently co-occurring and share overlapping features, including sensory processing difficulties, social cognitive differences, and alterations in body image or self-representation.

This dissertation investigates the mechanisms of tactile self-other distinction in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric populations by combining behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging methods across four studies. Study I used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioral measures to show that adults with ADHD exhibit heightened differentiation between self- and other-touch compared to neurotypical adults, suggesting rigid bodily boundaries which could contribute to tactile hypersensitivities and social touch aversion. Study II expanded on this using somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and behavioral measures, demonstrating that tactile sensitivity is evident empirically and closely tied to ADHD features, particularly inattention, and may reflect central sensory overload. Study III compared self- and other-touch processing in AN and ASD using the same fMRI paradigm. AN showed increased neural activity during both types of touch, indicating a failure to attenuate self-generated sensations and a blurring of bodily boundaries. In contrast, autistic participants did not differ significantly from controls, potentially reflecting sample selectivity or subgroup variability. Study IV further linked insular hyperactivation during self-touch in AN to body image disturbance, suggesting divergent neural mechanisms that may distinguish those who develop eating disorders from those who do not.

Together, these studies demonstrate that while altered tactile processing is a shared domain across ADHD, ASD, and AN, the nature and neural signature of these alterations differ. ADHD is marked by heightened bodily boundaries and sensory focus issues, AN by overprocessing of body-related input and disrupted predictive coding, and ASD by a heterogeneous profile. These findings contribute to a growing understanding of how sensory and social processing intersect in shaping the bodily self and have important implications for treatment approaches in clinical populations.

Abstract [sv]

Människans tidigaste och mest framträdande upplevelser är beröring. Både självberöring och beröring från andra lär oss om gränsen för vår kropp och den fysiska skillnaden mellan "jaget" och omvärlden eller en annan person. Medvetenhet om det kroppsliga jaget och förmågan att förstå självproducerade sensoriska intryck är nödvändiga för att förstå den sociala världen och sensoriskt skilja interaktioner med andra som unika och socialt relevanta. En tydlig representation av det kroppsliga jaget är också avgörande för att upprätthålla en korrekt kroppsuppfattning. Detta uppstår genom en kombination av interoceptiva processer och multisensorisk stimulering, där beröring spelar en nyckelroll. Social kognition och självmedvetenhet är till sin natur sammankopplade, och bearbetning av beröring ligger till grund för båda. Detta blir uppenbart vid störningar som omfattar förändrad social kognition och/eller kroppsuppfattning. Individer som diagnostiserats med sådana störningar tenderar också att ha sensorisk överkänslighet, särskilt mot beröring.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autismspektrumtillstånd (ASD, autism spectrum disorder) och anorexia nervosa (AN) är tre sådana tillstånd. ADHD och ASD är ofta komorbida med varandra liksom med andra utvecklingsrelaterade funktionsnedsättningar hos barn. Personer som diagnostiserats med ADHD och/eller ASD är mer benägna att utveckla en ätstörning, och neuropsykiatriska utvecklingsstörningar i barndomen är överrepresenterade vid AN. Sensorisk överkänslighet, svårigheter med social kognition och en förändrad självbild är alla vanliga symtom som delas bland dessa störningar.

Denna avhandling undersöker de mekanismerna som ligger till grund för att skilja ”jaget” från omvärlden i dessa grupper, med fokus på hur självberöring skiljs från social beröring, genom en kombination av beteendemässiga, elektrofysiologiska och hjärnavbildningsmetoder i fyra delstudier. Studie I använde fMRI och beteendemått och visade att vuxna med ADHD uppvisade större skillnader mellan själv- och annan beröring jämfört med kontrollpersoner. Detta tyder på en skarpare kroppslig gräns, vilket kan bidra till taktil överkänslighet och undvikande av social beröring. Studie II vidareutvecklade detta med somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) och beteendemått och visade att taktil känslighet är starkt kopplad till ADHD-symtom, särskilt ouppmärksamhet, och kan spegla en central roll i sensorisk överbelastning. Studie III jämförde själv- och annan-beröringsbearbetning vid AN och ASD med samma fMRI paradigm som Studie 1. AN deltagarna visade ökad hjärnaktivitet vid båda typer av beröring, vilket indikerar en oförmåga att dämpa självframkallade sensationer (nedsatt förmåga att förutsäga beröringen) och en svagare kroppslig gräns. Deltagare med ASD skilde sig däremot inte signifikant från kontrollgruppen, vilket kan bero på urvalseffekter eller variationer inom gruppen. Studie IV kopplade dessutom hyperaktivering i insula (ett område djupt i hjärnan) vid självberöring hos AN till störd kroppsuppfattning, vilket tyder på avvikande neurala mekanismer som eventuellt skulle kunna särskilja de individer som utvecklar ätstörning från de som inte gör det.

Tillsammans visar studierna att även om förändrad taktil bearbetning är ett gemensamt drag vid ADHD, ASD och AN, så skiljer de sig både i hur de ter sig och de underliggande neurala signaturerna. ADHD präglas av förstärkta kroppsliga gränser och problem med sensoriskt fokus, AN av en överbearbetning av kroppsliga signaler och störda prediktiva mekanismer, medan ASC uppvisar en profil som varierar från individ till individ. Dessa resultat bidrar till en växande förståelse för hur sensoriska och sociala processer samspelar i formandet av det kroppsliga självet och kan ha betydelse för behandling och vård inom dessa grupper.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 80
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 2000
National Category
Psychology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-219045DOI: 10.3384/9789181182569ISBN: 9789181182552 (print)ISBN: 9789181182569 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-219045DiVA, id: diva2:2009123
Public defence
2025-11-27, Hasselqvistsalen, building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-10-27 Created: 2025-10-27 Last updated: 2025-10-27Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Sharpened self-other distinction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sharpened self-other distinction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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2020 (English)In: NeuroImage: Clinical, E-ISSN 2213-1582, Vol. 27, article id 102317Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Introduction

Differentiation between self-produced tactile stimuli and touch by others is necessary for social interactions and for a coherent concept of “self”. In attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD), tactile hypersensitivity and social cognition problems are part of the symptomatology, but pathophysiological mechanisms are largely unknown. Differentiation of self- and non-self- generated sensations might be key to understand and develop novel strategies for managing hypersensitivity. Here, we compared the neural signatures of affective self- and other-touch between adults with ADHD and neurotypical controls (NC).

Methods

Twenty-eight adult ADHD participants and 30 age- and gender-matched NC performed a self-other-touch-task during functional magnetic resonance imaging: they stroked their own arm, an object, or were stroked by the experimenter. In addition, tactile detection thresholds and rubber hand illusion (RHI) were measured.

Results

ADHD participants had more autistic traits than NC and reported to engage less in interpersonal touch. They also reported to be more sensitive to tactile stimuli. Compared to NC, ADHD participants showed enhanced responses to both the self- and other-touch conditions: stronger deactivation during self-touch in the anterior and posterior insula, and increased activation during other-touch in primary somatosensory cortex. ADHD participants had intact tactile detection thresholds, but were less susceptible to the RHI.

Conclusions

Unaltered detection thresholds suggest that peripheral processing is intact, and that hypersensitivity might be driven by central mechanisms. This has clinical implications for managing somatosensory hypersensitivity in ADHD. The more pronounced differentiation between self- and other-touch might indicate a clearer self-other-distinction. This is of interest regarding body ownership perception in both NC and ADHD, and possibly other psychiatric conditions with altered self-experiences, like schizophrenia. A sharper boundary of the own body might relate to deficits in social cognition and tactile hypersensitivity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
Keywords
ADHD; Social touch; Self-other-distinction; Bodily self; fMRI; Rubber hand illusion
National Category
Neurosciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-169286 (URN)10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102317 (DOI)000561850100003 ()32599550 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85086845608 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Medical Research Council, SwedenSwedish Medical Research Council (SMRC) [2015-02684]; Swedish Lakaresallskapet, Sweden [SLS-878101]; Lions Forskningsfond, Sweden [liu-2019-01191]

Available from: 2020-09-12 Created: 2020-09-12 Last updated: 2025-10-27Bibliographically approved
2. Altered somatosensory processing in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Altered somatosensory processing in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
2024 (English)In: BMC Psychiatry, E-ISSN 1471-244X, Vol. 24, no 1, article id 558Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BackgroundTactile sensitivity and sensory overload in ADHD are well-documented in clinical-, self-, and parent- reports, but empirical evidence is scarce and ambiguous and focuses primarily on children. Here, we compare both empirical and self-report tactile sensitivity and ADHD symptomatology in adults with ADHD and neurotypical controls. We evaluate whether tactile sensitivity and integration is more prevalent in ADHD and whether it is related to ADHD symptom severity.MethodsSomatosensory evoked potential (SEP) amplitudes were measured in 27 adults with ADHD and 24 controls during four conditions (rest, stroking of the own arm, stroking of the arm by a researcher, and stroking of an object). Participants also filled out questionnaires on tactile sensitivity and ADHD symptoms and performed a Qb-test as an objective measure of ADHD symptom severity.ResultsParticipants with ADHD self-reported greater tactile sensitivity and ADHD symptom severity than controls and received higher scores on the Qb-test. These values correlated with one another. ADHD participants showed lower tolerable threshold for electrical radial nerve stimulus, and greater reduction in cortical SEP amplitudes during additional tactile stimuli which was correlated with ADHD symptoms.ConclusionsWe find that ADHD symptomatology and touch sensitivity are directly linked, using both self-reports and experimental measures. We also find evidence of tactile sensory overload in ADHD, and an indication that this is linked to inattention specifically. Tactile sensitivity and sensory overload impact the functioning and life quality of many people with ADHD, and clinicians should consider this when treating their patients.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BMC, 2024
Keywords
ADHD; Tactile sensitivity; Sensory gating; Somatosensory processing
National Category
Psychiatry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-207176 (URN)10.1186/s12888-024-06002-9 (DOI)001291159900006 ()39138461 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Linkping University

Available from: 2024-09-04 Created: 2024-09-04 Last updated: 2025-10-27
3. Neural processing of self-touch and other-touch in anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum condition
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Neural processing of self-touch and other-touch in anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum condition
Show others...
2022 (English)In: NeuroImage: Clinical, E-ISSN 2213-1582, Vol. 36, article id 103264Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Introduction: The tactile sense plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of a functional bodily self. The ability to differentiate between self-and nonself-generated touch contributes to the perception of the bodies boundaries and more generally to self-other-distinction, both of which are thought be altered in anorexia nervosa (AN) and autism spectrum condition (AS). While it has been suggested that AN and AS are characterized by overlapping symptomatology, they might differ regarding body perception and self-other-distinction. Methods: Participants with a diagnosis of AN (n = 25), AS (n = 29), and a comparison group without diagnoses (n = 57) performed a self-other-touch task during functional brain imaging. In the experimental conditions, they stroked their own arm or were stroked on the arm by an experimenter. Results: As shown previously, the CG group showed lower activation or deactivation in response to self-touch compared to social touch from someone else. A main group effect was found in areas including somatosensory cortex, frontal and temporal gyri, insula, and subcortical regions. This was driven by increased activations in participants with AN, while participants in the AS group showed mostly comparable activations to the com-parison group. Conclusions: AN diagnosis was associated with an increased neural activity in response to both self-touch and social touch. Failure to attenuate self-touch might relate to altered predictions regarding the own body and reduced perception of bodily boundaries. Participants with an AS diagnosis were mostly comparable to the comparison group, potentially indicating unaltered tactile self-other-distinction.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022
Keywords
Social touch; Self-other-distinction; Bodily self; fMRI; Anorexia nervosa; Autism spectrum condition
National Category
Neurosciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-190828 (URN)10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103264 (DOI)000892538000002 ()36451367 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Medical Research Council [2015-02684]; ALF, Region Ostergotland [RO-702221, RO-837632, RO-893981, RO-940701]; Swedish Society of Medicine [SLS-784151, SLS-960468, SLS-878101]; Lions Forsknings fond [liu-2019-01191]

Available from: 2023-01-04 Created: 2023-01-04 Last updated: 2025-10-27

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