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Enactment of evidence-based practice in orthopaedic care: The case of bladder care prior to and following a team-based implementation intervention in the hip surgery care context
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Nursing Sciences and Reproductive Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6181-3932
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Hip surgery procedures is common both in Sweden and worldwide. Much like other surgical procedures, hip surgery is associated with risks of complications, such as urinary retention (UR). UR is prompted by several factors, such as pain, bed rest, certain medication (like opioids and anaesthesia) and intravenous fluid therapy. UR can cause bladder distention and short- and long-term complications. Therefore, evidence-based practice (EBP) guidelines are available to support clinical care, and to avert adverse bladder events. Prior studies indicate that these guidelines are neither fully known nor used by orthopaedic staff, but bladder distension is one of the most common adverse events in Swedish orthopaedic care. This thesis represents four sub-studies, constituted by data from 17 Swedish orthopaedic units in the Onset PrevenTIon of urinary retention in Orthopaedic Nursing and rehabilitation (OPTION) trial, a cluster-randomised hybrid implementation effectiveness study.

Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to investigate evidence-based practice in the orthopaedic care context, focusing bladder care—prior to and following a team-based implementation intervention.

Design and method: Study I had a qualitative descriptive design where patient interviews and survey data were analysed using inductive content analysis. Study II was a quantitative observational study where medical records, patient survey data and an extract from a quality registry were analysed with descriptive and comparative statistics, and logistic regressions. Study III applied a mixed methods approach, using convergent parallel design to analyse patient and staff interviews and survey data. Lastly, study IV was a cluster-randomised RCT meant to analyse the effects of an implementation intervention using descriptive and comparative statistics, and Poisson regression to analyse differences between intervention and control groups.

Results: Patients experienced that bladder care and monitoring seemed important, although the reason behind staff’s focus on bladder care were not fully explained to them, nor was the related risk between hip surgery and UR, due to a lack of communication. If patients experienced bladder issues postoperatively, they managed and sought care on their own, and did not associate such events with having hip surgery. Bladder issues were described as negatively affecting their daily life. 

Documentation in medical records (n =1382) revealed low adherence to recommended risk assessment for UR (23%), as prescribed in the evidence-based guidelines. When conducted, the risk assessment was significantly associated with acute surgery or with being treated at an academic hospital. Patients who had had acute hip surgery experienced UR or other bladder issues more frequently than elective patients, and among those patients who completed the self-reported patient survey (n =447), 12% reported increased bladder issues after surgery. Few bladder-related incidents were reported via the perioperative quality registry SPOR (n =11).

The orthopaedic care context was characterised as overall enabling for EBP, although it was challenged by fast-track processes and time and resource constraints. Feedback on EBP adherence, evaluation of EBP efforts, and managerial support were voiced as important context elements to consider in the implementation process in healthcare. Moreover, future implementation efforts also require patients’ perspectives, to increase understanding of EBP actions and outcomes.

The implementation intervention in OPTION did not render any statistically significant effects on the adherence to risk assessment documentation nor on patients’ ability to empty their bladders postoperatively. Significant differences were found between groups at baseline, with higher adherence to risk assessment in the intervention group, and more patients contacting healthcare services due to voiding issues in the control group. The prevalence of documented UR was low at all timepoints, with no significant differences between the groups, and there were few reports on bladder-related incidents from the perioperative quality registry SPOR.

Conclusions: With a lack of communication with patients about bladder care, and a prevailing limited documented adherence to UR risk assessment in line with EBP guidelines, further efforts are needed to reinforce guideline adherence. Further implementation efforts should target the initial risk assessment for UR, bladder-related documentation in the patient’s medical record, and person-centred care— with sensitivity to contextual factors that may hinder or facilitate evidence-based practice in orthopaedic settings. This together can provide for high-quality, safe and equitable bladder care for patients having hip surgery.  

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Höftkirurgi är vanligt förekommande i Sverige och internationellt. Precis som andra kirurgiska procedurer är höftkirurgiska ingrepp förknippade med en ökad risk för komplikationer, exempelvis urinretention (UR). Att patienter som genomgår höftkirurgi drabbas av UR kan förklaras av flertalet faktorer, så som smärta, sängläge, medicinering (opioider, anestesi) och intravenös infusion av vätska. Då UR kan orsaka blåsöverfyllnad med kort- och långsiktiga komplikationer, så har evidensbaserade riktlinjer tagits fram i syfte att stödja det kliniska arbetet och för att förhindra blåsskador. Trots detta indikerar tidigare studier att riktlinjerna inte är fullt implementerade. Riktlinjerna används inte fullt ut och är inte heller helt kända av vårdpersonal, och blåsöverfyllnad är fortfarande en av de vanligaste vårdkomplikationerna inom svensk ortopedisk vård idag. Denna avhandling innefattar fyra delstudier, vilka bygger på data från 17 svenska ortopediska enheter inkluderade i Onset PrevenTIon of urinary retention in Orthopaedic Nursing and rehabilitation (OPTION), en kluster-randomiserad implementeringsstudie med hybrid-design.

Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att undersöka evidensbaserad praktik inom ortopedisk vårdkontext, med fokus på blåsvård - före och efter en teambaserad implementeringsintervention.

Design och metod: Studie I hade en kvalitativ deskriptiv design där patientintervjuer och enkätdata analyserades med induktiv innehållsanalys. Studie II var en observationsstudie där journaldata, enkätdata och ett registerutdrag från ett kvalitetsregister analyserades med deskriptiv och jämförande statistik samt logistisk regressionsanalys. I studie III användes en mixad metod med konvergent parallell design för att analysera intervjuer med patienter och personal, samt enkätdata. Avslutningsvis, studie IV var en kluster-randomiserad RCT för att analysera effekterna av en implementeringsintervention, med hjälp av beskrivande och jämförande statistik, samt Poisson regression för att analysera skillnaderna mellan interventions- och kontrollgrupp.

Resultat: Patienterna upplevde att blåsvård- och övervakning verkade viktigt men de hade inte fått veta anledningen till personalens fokus på detta, och hade inte heller vetskap om den ökade risken för UR i samband med höftkirurgi, pga. bristande kommunikation. De som erfor blåsbesvär postoperativt hanterade och sökte hjälp på egen hand, och associerade inte besvären till den höftoperation de genomgått. Blåsbesvären beskrevs ha en negativ påverkan på deras dagliga liv.

Dokumentation i granskade patientjournaler (n =1382) påvisade låg följsamhet till riskbedömning för urinretention (23%) enligt evidensbaserade riktlinjer. Utförd bedömning var signifikant associerad till akut kirurgi eller att ha blivit behandlad vid ett universitetssjukhus. Patienter som genomgått akut höftkirurgi upplevde oftare UR eller andra blåsbesvär jämfört med elektiva patienter, och bland de patienter som besvarade den själv-rapporterade enkäten (n =447), rapporterade 12% ökade blåsbesvär efter sin höftoperation. Få blåsrelaterade incidenter rapporterades via det perioperativa kvalitetsregistret SPOR (n =11).

Den ortopediska vårdkontexten kännetecknades av en i huvudsak underlättande organisatorisk kontext för evidensbaserad praktik (EBP), dock utmanad av snabba vårdprocesser och tids- och resursbrist i verksamheterna. Både feedback kring följsamhet till EBP, utvärdering av EBP insatser och chefsstöd uttrycktes som viktiga faktorer att ta hänsyn till vid implementering i hälso- och sjukvård. Förutom detta, så behöver framtida implementeringsinsatser av EBP även innehålla patienternas perspektiv för en ökad förståelse gällande EBP-interventioner och utfall.

Implementeringsinterventionen i OPTION hade ingen statistiskt signifikant effekt på följsamheten till dokumenterad riskbedömning, eller på patienters förmåga att tömma sin blåsa postoperativt. Signifikanta skillnader noterades mellan grupperna vid baslinjen, med högre följsamhet till riskbedömningen i interventionsgruppen, och fler patienter som kontaktade sjukvården pga. blåsrelaterade besvär i kontrollgruppen. Prevalensen av dokumenterad UR var låg vid alla tre mätpunkter, utan signifikanta skillnader mellan grupperna, och få blåsrelaterade incidenter var rapporterade i det perioperativa kvalitetsregistret SPOR.

Slutsatser: Med en brist på kommunikation med patienter om blåsvård och en fortsatt låg dokumenterad följsamhet till riskbedömning för UR enligt evidensbaserade riktlinjer, krävs ytterligare ansträngningar för att implementera riktlinjerna. Fortsatta implementeringsinsatser bör inriktas på den initiala riskbedömningen för UR, blåsrelaterad dokumentation i patientens journal samt personcentrering—med en lyhördhet till hindrande/underlättande kontextuella faktorer i ortopedisk vård. Detta för att kunna ge en högkvalitativ, säker och jämlik blåsvård till patienter som genomgår höftkirurgi.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 114
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 2003
Keywords [en]
Bladder care, Bladder distension, Contextual factors, Evidence-based practice, Hip surgery, Implementation, Intervention, Nursing, Orthopaedic care, Risk assessment, Urinary retention
Keywords [sv]
Blåsvård, Blåsöverfyllnad, Evidensbaserad praktik, Höftkirurgi, Implementering, Intervention, Kontextuella faktorer, Omvårdnad, Ortopedisk vård, Riskbedömning, Urinretention
National Category
Nursing Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-219103DOI: 10.3384/9789181182620ISBN: 9789181182613 (print)ISBN: 9789181182620 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-219103DiVA, id: diva2:2009197
Public defence
2025-12-05, Hasselquistsalen, building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-10-27 Created: 2025-10-27 Last updated: 2025-10-27Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Patients experiences of urinary retention and bladder care-A qualitative study in orthopaedic care
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Patients experiences of urinary retention and bladder care-A qualitative study in orthopaedic care
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2023 (English)In: International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing, ISSN 1878-1241, E-ISSN 1878-1292, Vol. 50, article id 101034Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Urinary retention is a common complication associated with hip surgery. There are easily available, evidence-based clinical practice guidelines pre-scribing how to prevent both urinary retention and other voiding issues, by means of bladder monitoring and risk assessments. A detected lack of adherence to such guidelines increases risks for unnecessary suffering among patients but a greater understanding of patients experiences can benefit tailored interventions to address quality and safety gaps in orthopaedic nursing and rehabilitation.Purpose: The aim was to describe patients experiences of urinary retention, bladder issues, and bladder care in orthopaedic care due to hip surgery.Method: This was a qualitative study with a descriptive design: content analysis with an inductive approach was applied to interviews (n = 32) and survey free-text responses (n = 122) across 17 orthopaedic units in Sweden.Results: The patients had received no or limited details for the recurrent bladder care interventions (such as bladder scans and prompted voiding) while at the hospital. They relied on the staff for safe procedures but were left to themselves to manage and comprehend prevailing bladder issues. Despite the patients ex-periences of bladder issues or the risk of urinary retention postoperatively, the link to hip surgery remained unknown to the patients, leaving them searching for self -management strategies and further care.Conclusions: Patients perspectives on bladder care, urinary retention and bladder issues can serve as a means for increased understanding of procedures and issues, reinforcing improved implementation of guidelines, including person-centred information. Safer bladder procedures imply further patient engagement, highlighted in guidelines.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2023
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-196690 (URN)10.1016/j.ijotn.2023.101034 (DOI)001037809900001 ()37437464 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2023-08-18 Created: 2023-08-18 Last updated: 2025-10-27
2. Adherence to evidence-based guidelines for prevention of urinary retention in hip surgery patients: a multicentre observational study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Adherence to evidence-based guidelines for prevention of urinary retention in hip surgery patients: a multicentre observational study
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2024 (English)In: International Journal for Quality in Health Care, ISSN 1353-4505, E-ISSN 1464-3677, Vol. 36, no 2, article id mzae045Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Urinary retention is a healthcare complication putting patients at risk of unnecessary suffering and harm. Orthopaedic patients are known to face an increased such risk, calling for evidence-based preoperative assessment and corresponding measures to prevent bladder problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate healthcare professionals' adherence to risk assessment guidelines for urinary retention in hip surgery patients. This was an observational study from January 2021 to April 2021 with a descriptive and comparative design, triangulating three data sources: (I) Medical records for 1382 hip surgery patients across 17 hospitals in Sweden were reviewed for preoperative risk assessments for urinary retention and voiding-related variables at discharge; (II) The patients completed a survey regarding postoperative lower urinary tract symptoms, and; (III) data were extracted from a national quality registry regarding type of surgery, preoperative physical status, and perioperative urinary complications. Group differences were analysed with Chi-square/Fisher's exact test, t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, or Mann-Whitney U-test. Logistic regression was used to analyse variables associated with completed risk assessments for urinary retention. Of all study participants, 23.4% (n = 323) had a preoperative documented risk assessment of urinary retention. Whether a risk assessment was performed was significantly associated with acute surgery [odds ratio (OR) 3.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.48-5.12] and undergoing surgery at an academic hospital (OR 4.59, 95% CI 2.68-7.85). Acute patients were more often affected by urinary retention and had bladder issues and/or an indwelling catheter at discharge. More than every tenth patient (11. 9%, n = 53) completing the survey experienced intensified bladder problems after their hip surgery. The study shows a lack of adherence to risk assessment for urinary retention according to evidence-based guidelines, which negatively affects quality of care and patient safety.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2024
Keywords
evidence-based practice; hip surgery; orthopaedic care; postoperative complications; risk assessment; urinary retention
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-205161 (URN)10.1093/intqhc/mzae045 (DOI)001239523100001 ()38804913 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|FORTE [STYA-2020/0002]; Region Orebro lan

Available from: 2024-06-20 Created: 2024-06-20 Last updated: 2025-10-27
3. Contextual Factors Affecting Evidence-Based Practice in Orthopaedic Nursing and Rehabilitation: A Mixed Methods Study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Contextual Factors Affecting Evidence-Based Practice in Orthopaedic Nursing and Rehabilitation: A Mixed Methods Study
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2025 (English)In: Journal of Advanced Nursing, ISSN 0309-2402, E-ISSN 1365-2648Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

AimTo better understand what enables evidence-based practice, this study investigated contextual factors influencing evidence-based practice in general, and in relation to the implementation of bladder-monitoring guidelines in orthopaedic care.DesignConvergent parallel mixed method.MethodsThis study was part of a hybrid research project across 17 Swedish orthopaedic sites. The data collection (2021-2023) included interviews with orthopaedic staff and patients post-hip surgery, patient survey free-text responses, and a staff survey on organisational context. Data were analysed with deductive content analysis and descriptive statistics, later integrated using a mixed methods approach.ResultsEvidence-based practice was supported by context factors such as staff collaboration and multiprofessional engagement. Staff addressed patient safety and equality by using evidence-based guidelines, but rarely involved the patients. Orthopaedic fast-track procedures positioned patients as passive recipients, while staff voiced a call for a more person-centred context. Positive attitudes, leadership engagement, use of champions, and adequate staffing enabled evidence-based practice, though a shortage in evaluation and high staff turnover hindered its implementation.ConclusionOrthopaedic context is characterised by several enabling organisational context factors for evidence-based practice, although patients lacking recognition of their needs and queries justify greater focus on person-centredness and mutual information exchange. Audit and feedback are crucial for improvements, but were lacking in the orthopaedic care context.Implications for the Profession and/or Patient CareAssessments of efforts made to implement evidence-based practice and its outcomes should incorporate nursing care. Slimmed care processes require attention to ensure patient participation.ImpactThe orthopaedic care context is enabling for evidence-based practice, although staff are challenged by fast-track procedures with extensive information exchange and insufficient person-centredness.Reporting MethodThe Mixed Methods Reporting in Rehabilitation & Health Sciences checklist.Patient or Public InvolvementNo patient or public contribution.Trial RegistrationIdentifier: NCT 04700969

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
WILEY, 2025
Keywords
bladder care; context; evidence-based practice; facilitation; hip surgery; implementation; nursing; orthopaedic care
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-216532 (URN)10.1111/jan.70098 (DOI)001531111700001 ()40682329 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105011090071 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, FORTE

Available from: 2025-08-21 Created: 2025-08-21 Last updated: 2025-10-27

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