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Electro-Hydraulic Energy Converters: Development of Axial Piston Machines and Their Integration with Electric Machines
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Fluid and Mechatronic Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1431-0010
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In mobile working machines, there is a trend towards replacing combustion engines with electric machines to reduce their carbon footprint. This provides several advantages and challenges for their hydraulic systems. The low efficiency of conventional hydraulic systems is no longer acceptable because of the volume and cost of batteries. Fortunately, the advantages offered by electrification can be exploited for increased system efficiency.

Electrified pump drives enable variable speed control, energy recuperation, power-on-demand, and new system architectures with flexible control. However, legacy hydraulic machines (pump/motors) were not optimised to match the electric machines’ capabilities. This thesis has two main focus areas: the development of hydraulic machines that better match the abilities of electric drives, and the integration of a hydraulic machine with an electric machine.

The electric drive places new demands on the hydraulic machine to enable more sustainable hydraulic systems: higher efficiency, a broader speed range (lower and higher speeds), multi-quadrant capability, and reduced noise. Lubrication interfaces need to be redesigned for enhanced speed capabilities, and commutation requires attention due to its influence on the noise behaviour. Variable displacement can help downsize the electric machine, but control losses should be reduced compared with conventional displacement control. This thesis aims to support developments on the above-mentioned aspects.

Commercial electro-hydraulic energy converters usually combine hydraulic and electric units by axial stacking. Alternatively, research projects consider the radial integration of the hydraulic machine within the core of the electric machine or downsizing the electric machine using a gearbox. This thesis summarises analytical sizing methods for the active parts of each concept and examines trade-offs between volumes, aspect ratios, masses, and efficiencies.

Finally, noise is a challenge for electrified hydraulic systems. This thesis provides a starting point to investigate the combined noise of hydraulic and electric machines by describing the noise contributors and harmonic frequencies of both machines. Furthermore, the hydraulic noise from different electrically driven pump setups (e.g., speed control, displacement control, multi-pump) is assessed using audio files created from simulated flow pulsations.

Abstract [sv]

Bland mobila arbetsmaskiner ersätts förbränningsmotorer av elmaskiner i allt större utsträckning. Syftet är i regel att minska maskinernas koldioxidavtryck. Elektrifieringen medför flera möjligheter och utmaningar för hydraulsystemet. Den låga verkningsgraden hos konventionella hydraulsystem är inte längre acceptabel på grund av storleken och kostnaden för batterierna som skulle krävas. Genom att nyttja elektriskt drivna pumpar (elektrohydrauliska energiomvandlare) möjliggörs varvtalsstyrning, energiåtervinning och nya systemarkitekturer med mer flexibel styrning. I dagsläget realiseras elektrohydrauliska energiomvandlare oftast genom att koppla samman konventionella hydraul- och elmaskiner som finns på marknaden. Konventionella hydraulmaskiner är dock inte optimerade för att kombineras med elmaskiner, och därför finns utrymme för förbättringar. Denna avhandling angriper två förbättringsområden: utveckling av hydraulmaskiner som bättre matchar egenskaperna hos elmaskiner, och integration av hydraulmaskiner med elmaskiner.

Elektrisk drivning ställer nya krav på hydraulmaskiner: högre verkningsgrad, ökat varvtalsområde (både till lägre och högre varvtal), minskade ljudemissioner, samt multikvadrantkapacitet för energiåtervinning och ökad system-flexibilitet. Variabelt deplacement kan också vara önskvärt då det kan minska storleksbehovet för elmaskinen, men förluster relaterade till deplacementstyrning bör minskas. Denna avhandling syftar till att stödja utvecklingen inom ovan nämnda punkter.

De elektrohydrauliska energiomvandlare som idag finns på marknaden kombinerar hydraul- och elmaskiner genom axiell stapling. Ett alternativ till detta är radiell integration av hydraulmaskinen i kärnan av elmaskinen. Ett annat alternativ är att nyttja en växellåda mellan hydraul- och elmaskinen, vilket möjliggör neddimensionering av elmaskinen. Denna avhandling sammanfattar analytiska dimensioneringsmetoder för de aktiva delarna i varje koncept och syftar till att ge insikter om avvägningarna mellan volymer, längd–diameterförhållande, massor och verkningsgrader.

Ytterligare en aspekt som behandlas i denna avhandling är det kombinerade ljudet från hydraul- och elmaskiner, ett område som ännu inte är väl undersökt. Denna avhandling syftar till att vara en utgångspunkt till detta genom att ge bakgrundsinformation om ljudkällor och harmoniska frekvenser för båda maskinerna. Vidare presenteras resultat från en enkät där det hydrauliska ljudet från olika elektriskt drivna pumpkonfigurationer (t.ex. hastighetsreglering, deplacementsreglering, multipump) har undersökts.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 96
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2483
Keywords [en]
Axial piston machine, E-pump, Electrification, Electro-hydraulic energy converter, Fluid power
National Category
Control Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-219151DOI: 10.3384/9789181182743ISBN: 9789181182736 (print)ISBN: 9789181182743 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-219151DiVA, id: diva2:2009855
Public defence
2025-11-28, ACAS, A-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding Agencies: This thesis results from the projects "Electric motor and hydraulic pump fusion", funded by the Swedish Electromobility Centre (grant number 13070), and "E-hydraulics" as well as "E-hydraulics phase II", funded by the Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten, grant numbers P2023-00594 and 50181-1). The industrial collaboration partners were Volvo Construction Equipment, Gnutti Carlo, Volvo Cars, and Epiroc Rock Drills.

Available from: 2025-10-29 Created: 2025-10-29 Last updated: 2025-11-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Challenges for multi-quadrant hydraulic piston machines
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Challenges for multi-quadrant hydraulic piston machines
2024 (English)In: Energy Conversion and Management: X, E-ISSN 2590-1745, Vol. 22, article id 100578Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In search of more efficient hydraulic systems, new system architectures are explored. These system architectures are often electrically driven and include energy recuperation. This requires hydraulic machines to function both as pumps, converting mechanical power into hydraulic power, and as motors, converting hydraulic power back into mechanical power. However, the availability of machines that can operate in all desired modes is limited. This indicates that operation in multiple modes comes with performance penalties. This paper highlights the challenges for multi-quadrant operation of hydraulic piston pump/motors, with a particular focus on commutation, i.e., the transition between high- and low-pressure level for each chamber. Various commutation strategies for piston machines are examined. Furthermore, other important aspects for pump/motor operation such as hydrostatic compensation ratios, design of inlet channels, low-speed capability, and flow control through speed or displacement control are discussed. The article shows that the design of multi-quadrant machines is challenging, and this has to be considered when choosing the system architecture.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Four-quadrant, Commutation, Hydraulic pump, Hydraulic motor, Electrification, Fluid power
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-203063 (URN)10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100578 (DOI)001235182600001 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Electromobility Centre [13070]; Swedish Energy Agency [P2023-00594]

Available from: 2024-04-26 Created: 2024-04-26 Last updated: 2025-10-29
2. A New Degree of Freedom for Variable Axial Piston Pumps with Valve Plate Rotation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A New Degree of Freedom for Variable Axial Piston Pumps with Valve Plate Rotation
2021 (English)In: Proceedings of the 17:th Scandinavian International Conference on Fluid Power, SICFP’21, June 1-2, 2021, Linköping, Sweden / [ed] Petter Krus, Liselott Ericson och Magnus Sethson, Linköping, 2021, p. 117-133Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Conventionally, variable axial piston machines vary displacement by adjusting the length of the piston stroke, which can be done by adjusting the angle of the swash plate in swash plate machines or the angle of the cylinder block in bent axis machines. Another possibility to achieve variable displacement is to rotate the valve plate and thus adjust the effective use of the piston stroke. An advantage of this method is that it only requires small forces and is easier to control in comparison to conventional displacement adjustment.

This idea is not new, and the concept was studied decades ago, but unfortunately, cavitation and high pressure peaks in the bridge between the kidneys hindered a successful implementation of valve plate rotation.

Using a double pump with opposing pistons offers the potential to overcome these obstacles, as the displacement can be adjusted by joint rotation of both valve plates, and the effective bridge angles can be adjusted by relative rotation of the valve plates. This paper presents a methodology to optimise valve plate kidney angles for a double pump with rotating valve plates. Optimisation results for exemplary sets of operating points are presented. At high setting ratios, power losses and flow pulsations can be reduced. The risk of cavitation and high pressure peaks can be eliminated, but at the expense of cross-porting and increased losses at low setting ratios and high speeds.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: , 2021
Series
Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings, ISSN 1650-3686, E-ISSN 1650-3740 ; 182
Keywords
axial piston pump, variable displacement, valve plate rotation, bridge angles, opposing pistons
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-182980 (URN)10.3384/ecp182 (DOI)9789179290139 (ISBN)
Conference
The 17:th Scandinavian International Conference on Fluid Power, SICFP’21, June 1-2, 2021, Linköping, Sweden
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 50181-1
Available from: 2022-02-16 Created: 2022-02-16 Last updated: 2025-10-29
3. Harmonic Characterisation of Electrically Driven Pumps
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Harmonic Characterisation of Electrically Driven Pumps
2025 (English)In: Advancements in Fluid Power Technology: Sustainability, Electrification, and Digitalization / [ed] Liselott Ericson, Petter Krus, Springer Nature Switzerland , 2025, p. 357-376Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Noise is a critical parameter for electrified mobile machinery. Both electric and hydraulic machines generate periodic forces that excite the surrounding structures and generate noise. This paper discusses harmonic orders and their origin in hydraulic pumps and permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). By combining the pump and motor, the harmonics of both machines interact, and the noise experience changes. This must be taken into account when designing electrically driven pumps. The effect of the combination of the design parameters; number of pistons, number of slots, and number of poles on the system harmonics is discussed. Traditionally, hydraulic pumps use odd piston numbers to reduce noise. However, if identical numbers of poles and pistons are chosen, the pump and motor harmonics coincide and can interact constructively or destructively. This paper shows, using torque ripple as an example, that selecting odd piston numbers is not straightforward when combining pumps with a PMSM.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025
Series
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, ISSN 2195-4356, E-ISSN 2195-4364
National Category
Mechanical Engineering Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-218260 (URN)10.1007/978-3-031-84505-5_23 (DOI)2-s2.0-105016001646 (Scopus ID)9783031845048 (ISBN)9783031845055 (ISBN)
Conference
Global Fluid Power Society (GFPS) PhD Symposium 2024,June 17 to June 20, 2024, in Hudiksvall, Sweden
Available from: 2025-10-06 Created: 2025-10-06 Last updated: 2025-10-29
4. The Electrification of Material Moving Machines: An Overview of Opportunities and Challenges Regarding Noise
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Electrification of Material Moving Machines: An Overview of Opportunities and Challenges Regarding Noise
2025 (English)In: Beyond Boundaries: Unleashing Innovation with Ideas: Proceedings of IDEAS 2024 / [ed] Pereira, Luciana; Krus, Petter; Klofsten, Magnus, 2025, p. 15-32Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper explores the transition towards the electrification of hydraulic systems in material moving machines, highlighting both environmental benefits and the noise challenges posed by such technological change. With a focus on noise, the study examines the perceptual impact of replacing diesel engines with electric motors, which alters the noise profile of these machines. A survey assesses human responses to different hydraulic pump configurations in electrified setups, revealing significant variations in noise perception based on the specific design and the familiarity of the respondents with hydraulic sounds. The findings underscore the need for a nuanced approach to noise management in electric hydraulic systems, advocating for designs that consider both decibel levels and sound quality to enhance operator comfort and public acceptance.

Series
Design Science and Innovation, ISSN 2509-5986, E-ISSN 2509-5994
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-218504 (URN)10.1007/978-3-031-96173-1_2 (DOI)9783031961724 (ISBN)9783031961755 (ISBN)
Conference
Interdisciplinary Conference on Innovation, Design, Entrepreneurship, and Sustainable Systems (IDEAS 2024), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil from 24-27 November 2024
Available from: 2025-10-06 Created: 2025-10-06 Last updated: 2025-10-29

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2829303132333431 of 112
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