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The Politics of Green Aviation: The role of Politicization and Polarization of Sustainability Transitions in Aviation
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Political Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Current research on sustainability transitions on aviation heavily favours technological innovation, largely overlooking the crucial socio-political dynamics that govern sustainability transitions. Achieving the aviation industry's ambitious Paris Agreement decarbonization targets requires more than technical solutions. This thesis bridges that gap by examining the role of political discourses within the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) on the political acceptance of sustainable aviation and its corresponding niche innovations. The focus lies on politicization, polarization and policy implications. In this thesis, frames and narratives are key tools of sensemaking and influence, not only shaping perceptions but also being reshaped by policy actors to align with their objectives. This perspective enhances our understanding of how discourses operate at a deeper cognitive and cultural level, affecting the trajectory of sustainability transitions such as acceptance of particular sustainable niche innovations. This thesis explores how these dynamics influence the development, support, and opposition of niche innovations within the aviation sector. Specifically, it investigates how conflicting narratives can create lock-ins that hinder sustainability transition. This thesis highlights that while discourses can promote niche innovations by enhancing legitimacy and social acceptance, other discourses can obstruct progress by fostering social resistance and diminishing policy support. This dynamic is particularly evident in the Swedish transport sector, where sustainable aviation has encountered both support and resistance, influenced by competing political narratives. Using a comprehensive theoretical framework integrating discourse analysis, MLP and socio-technical transitions, the research examines how sense-making affects sustainable aviation's future, the factors enabling or hindering discursive governance, and how discursive pathways of sustainability transitions evolve with or without policy support. The thesis employs focus groups and semi-structured interviews with stakeholders in the Swedish aviation industry to uncover how niche innovations in sustainable aviation are discursively framed, supported, or opposed. The research findings reveal that politicization and polarization create lock-ins, characterized by polarization between opposing discourses, which are a critical barrier to sustainable aviation. These discursive lock-ins can obstruct policy leadership and limit the emergence of niche innovations, such as drones. The research argues that a nuanced understanding of politicization and polarization is essential for identifying pathways to overcome these barriers and for designing effective policies that support sustainable aviation transitions.

Abstract [sv]

Forskning om hållbarhetsövergångar för flyget fokuserar på teknologisk innovation, men förbiser det avgörande sociopolitiska perspektivet. Att nå flygindustrins hållbarhetsmål kräver mer än enbart tekniska lösningar. Denna avhandling fyller detta forskningsgap genom att undersöka de politiska diskursernas roll inom Multi-Level Perspective (MLP), med fokus på politisk acceptans av hållbart flyg och dess nischinnovationer. Studien fokuserar på politisering, polarisering och policyimplikationer. Ramar och narrativ ses som centrala verktyg för meningsskapande, vilka formar och omformas av policyaktörer för att anpassas till deras mål och därmed påverkar acceptansen av hållbara nischinnovationer. Avhandlingen utforskar hur denna dynamik skapar låsningar som hindrar övergången. Diskurs kan antingen främja nischinnovationer genom ökad legitimitet och social acceptans, eller hindra dem genom att skapa motstånd och minska politiskt stöd. Denna dynamik är särskilt relevant i den svenska transportsektorn, där hållbart flyg har mött konkurrerande politiska narrativ. Med hjälp av ett ramverk som integrerar diskursanalys, MLP och socio-tekniska övergångar, undersöker denna avhandling hur meningsskapande påverkar hållbart flyg. Avhandlingen använder fokusgrupper och semi-strukturerade intervjuer med intressenter i den svenska flygindustrin för att analysera hur nischinnovationer diskursivt inramas. Resultaten visar att politisering och polarisering skapar kritiska, diskursiva låsningar som är ett betydande hinder för framtiden för hållbart flyg. Dessa låsningar hindrar politiskt ledarskap och begränsar framväxten av nischinnovationer (t.ex. drönare). Forskningen argumenterar att en nyanserad förståelse för politisering och polarisering är avgörande för att identifiera vägar för att övervinna dessa barriärer och för att utforma effektiva policyer som stöder övergången.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 96
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 929
Keywords [en]
Aviation, Sustainability, Transitions, Politicization, Polarization, Discourse, Frame, Narrative, Policies
Keywords [sv]
Flyg, Hållbarhet, Policy, Politisering, Polarisering, Diskurs, Inramning, Narrativ
National Category
Political Science (Excluding Peace and Conflict Studies)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-219327DOI: 10.3384/9789181183795ISBN: 9789181183788 (print)ISBN: 9789181183795 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-219327DiVA, id: diva2:2012307
Public defence
2025-12-05, ACAS, A Building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-11-07 Created: 2025-11-07 Last updated: 2025-11-10Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Analysing the opportunities and challenges for mitigating the climate impact of aviation: A narrative review
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analysing the opportunities and challenges for mitigating the climate impact of aviation: A narrative review
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2022 (English)In: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews, ISSN 1364-0321, E-ISSN 1879-0690, Vol. 156, article id 111972Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aviation accounts for approximately five percent of global greenhouse gas emissions through the combustion of fossil fuels. This paper analyses the opportunities and challenges of mitigation measures in limiting travel volume, energy and emission intensity to reduce the climate impact of aviation in Sweden. Several measures are in place that aim to reduce the climate impact of the aviation industry, ranging from regulations to technology alternatives to fossil-based jet fuel. These measures face several crosscutting challenges, many of which are of a socio-economic and political nature, and these aspects are often neglected in favour of focusing on technological solutions. The market creation for alternatives to fossil-based jet fuel is a major challenge, as most consumers today have a limited awareness of and willingness to pay for these innovations. Policy measures in place are proven ineffective in incentivising change. An understanding of the industry as a socio-technical system is required. The value of this review is its broader consideration of the pathways to reduce aviations climate impact, offering new perspectives and pointing to areas for further research considering all components, their interactions and interdependence.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022
Keywords
Aviation; Climate impact; Air travel; Emissions reduction; Policymaking
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-184846 (URN)10.1016/j.rser.2021.111972 (DOI)000784449100001 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Energy AgencyMaterials & Energy Research Center (MERC) [50332-1]

Available from: 2022-05-13 Created: 2022-05-13 Last updated: 2025-11-07
2. Exploring the Political Discursive Lock-Ins on Sustainable Aviation in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring the Political Discursive Lock-Ins on Sustainable Aviation in Sweden
2021 (English)In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 14, no 21, article id 7401Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article analyses the political discourse about governing the future of the aviation industry in Sweden and how a polarized and entrenched discursive path dependency around aviation makes it difficult to invest into aviations possible futures as a sustainable transport. We find three different politically merged frames in the political discussion about governing the road to sustainable aviation: (1) Neoliberal sustainable aviation, (2) Green Keynesian sustainable aviation and (3) National environmentalists aviation. We can see a discrepancy between two merged frames that believe sustainable aviation will be possible with more or less government support and steering (Neoliberal sustainable aviation and Green Keynesian sustainable aviation) whereas the third merged frame (National environmentalists aviation) argues that aviation is bound to be environmentally inferior to trains and, therefore, all focus should go to the later. We can see that there is not just a path dependency in the merged frame of National environmentalists aviation that discounts the possibility that both the role of aviation or its sustainability can change as the technology changes. There is here a static perceived view of technology as being forever clean or dirty. Another path dependency is the linkage of aviation transport with particular political parties where the green party, for instance, oppose aviation while the conservative party wants to support aviation and innovation in aviation. This polarization is actually the largest and most important aspect of the discursive lock-in as this undermines any compromises or large-scale future investments in sustainable aviation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2021
Keywords
aviation; policy; discourse; sustainability; lock-in; industry; emission; electrified aviation
National Category
Economic History
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-186521 (URN)10.3390/en14217401 (DOI)000809808100001 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Energimyndigheten as a part of the Sustainable Energy Transformation in Aviation project [50332-1]

Available from: 2022-06-30 Created: 2022-06-30 Last updated: 2025-11-07
3. Analyzing discursive policy leadership using regime narratives in Sweden's emerging drone transport for sustainability transition
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analyzing discursive policy leadership using regime narratives in Sweden's emerging drone transport for sustainability transition
2025 (English)In: Sustainable Futures, E-ISSN 2666-1888, Vol. 10, article id 101387Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Sweden aims for carbon neutrality by 2045, including a fossil-free transport sector. Radical innovations like civilian drones and eVTOLs offer potential for sustainable, electrified, and integrated transport, but integration is challenged by infrastructure, connectivity, regulation, and public concerns. This paper explores discursive policy leadership in governing drone innovation for sustainable transition, focusing on Sweden. Using a multi-level perspective and narrative discourse analysis, we conducted 18 expert interviews with national, regional, local, and private actors. We examine how drones are narrated within sustainable transport and how accounts reveal the presence or absence of niche leadership. Findings highlight four insights: (1) lack of public-sector leadership risks reinforcing division between private actors and regime lock-in; (2) ideological tensions frame drones as disruptive or conflictual; (3) fragmented responsibilities hindering policy coordination; and (4) new discursive models are needed to reflect complexity. We argue for active discursive policy leadership and inclusive governance to unlock drones' transformative potential.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER, 2025
Keywords
Narrative; Policy; Drone; Leadership; Niche
National Category
Public Administration Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-218787 (URN)10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101387 (DOI)001586209400001 ()2-s2.0-105017439797 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Energy Agency

Available from: 2025-10-17 Created: 2025-10-17 Last updated: 2025-11-28

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Kulanovic, Aneta

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