liu.seSearch for publications in DiVA
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • oxford
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Insights into Cognitive Function in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Nursing Sciences and Reproductive Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8376-705X
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Cognitive problems are common among cardiac arrest survivors, but current knowledge is largely based on performance-based tests, which do not capture survivors perceived cognitive function. To date, there is no specific self-report instrument designed to assess cognition in this population.

Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to expand knowledge about cardiac arrest survivors’ cognitive function to enhance the care and assessment.

Methods: This thesis comprises four studies employing different research designs: a qualitative interview study (I), two quantitative retrospective registry studies (II, III), and an instrument development study (IV). In study I, semi-structured interviews were conducted with registered nurses (n = 19) included by purposeful sampling. The nurses were experienced in cardiovascular care, including the management of cardiac arrest and participation in post-cardiac arrest follow-up conversations. Data was analysed with a phenomenological approach. Studies II and III utilised data from the Swedish Register of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. In study II, adult cardiac arrest survivors with clinician-reported Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scores of 1 or 2 and self-reported health status and psychological distress at follow-up 3–6 months post-arrest were included (n = 2058). Self-reported health was compared between the groups of survivors with CPC 1 and CPC 2, and differences between the groups were analysed with regression models. Study III included adult cardiac arrest survivors with self-reported cognitive function, health status, psychological distress, and overall life satisfaction at follow-up, 3–6 months post-arrest (n = 1254). In this study, the association between self-reported cognitive function and the outcomes were explored using binary logistic regression models. Study IV involved five stages: 1) item generation, 2) Delphi study, 3) Content Validity Index, 4) cognitive interviewing, and 5) final revision and scoring. Stage 1 included a conceptual framework of cognitive function, literature search for instruments with self-reports of cognition, mapping items to the cognitive domains and formulating the items. Stage 2 included two Delphi rounds, were three expert groups (adult cardiac arrest survivors, adult family members and healthcare professionals), evaluated the relevance of the items. In stage 3, content validity was evaluated from an expert perspective by healthcare professionals with experience in post-cardiac arrest care and/or neurorehabilitation. For the cognitive interviews in stage 4, adult cardiac arrest survivors were interviewed regarding the response processes. Final revisions of the instrument were done in stage 5. 

Findings: The findings showed that registered nurses perceived the assessment of cognitive impairment after cardiac arrest challenges, especially regarding milder deficits. They had various strategies to identify cognitive impairments, but these did not routinely include standardised instruments. Additionally, nurses perceived their assessments of survivors functioning were sometimes misinterpreted. Furthermore, cardiac arrest survivors with a moderate cerebral disability and those with self-reported cognitive decline showed a significantly worse self-reported health, higher psychological distress and low life satisfaction compared to those with good cerebral performance and no self-reported cognitive decline. The development of the Self-Reported Cognition – Cardiac Arrest (SeReCo-CA) resulted in a 29-item instrument, encompassing the cognitive domains of learning and memory, language, complex attention, executive function and perceptual-motor function.

Conclusion: This thesis underscores the importance of assessing cognitive function in cardiac arrest survivors, showing that perceived cognitive decline, even when mild, is linked to poorer health, psychological distress, and reduced life satisfaction. Although screening is recommended in post-resuscitation care guidelines, it remains underutilized, partly due to challenges in detecting subtle impairments. The newly developed SeReCo-CA instrument offers a comprehensive self-report tool that may help bridge this gap, though further psychometric validation is needed.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Kognitiva svårigheter är vanliga bland hjärtstoppsöverlevare, men den kunskap som finns bygger främst på prestationsbaserade tester som inte fångar individens egen upplevelse av kognitiv funktion. Det finns idag inget specifikt självskattningsinstrument för att bedöma kognition hos denna patientgrupp.

Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att öka kunskapen om hjärtstoppsöverlevares kognitiva funktion för att förbättra vård och bedömning.

Metod: Avhandlingen omfattar fyra delstudier med olika forskningsdesign: en kvalitativ intervjustudie (I), två kvantitativa retrospektiva registerstudier III) samt en instrumentutvecklingsstudie (IV). I studie I genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med sjuksköterskor (n = 19) med erfarenhet av hjärtstoppsvård och uppföljningssamtal. Data analyserades med fenomenografisk ansats. Studierna II och III använde data från Svenska Hjärt-lungräddningsregistret. I studie II inkluderades vuxna hjärtstoppsöverlevare med bedömd Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) på nivå 1 (god cerebral funktion) eller nivå 2 (måttlig cerebral funktionsnedsättning) samt självrapporterad hälsa och psykisk ohälsa 3–6 månader efter hjärtstopp (n = 2058). Hälsotillståndet jämfördes mellan grupperna med CPC 1 och CPC 2, och sambandet analyserades med regressionsmodeller. Studie III inkluderade vuxna överlevare med självrapporterad kognitiv funktion, hälsa, psykisk ohälsa och livstillfredsställelse vid uppföljning 3–6 månader efter hjärtstopp (n = 1254). Sambandet mellan självrapporterad kognitiv funktion och dessa utfall analyserades med logistiska regressionsmodeller. Studie IV genomfördes i fem steg: 1) generering av frågor, 2) Delphi-studie, 3) innehållsvalidering (Content Validity Index), 4) kognitiva intervjuer och 5) slutlig revidering. Steg 1 inkluderade framskrivning av en konceptuell ram för kognitiv funktion, litteratursökning, gruppering av frågor till kognitiva domäner och omformulering av frågor. Steg 2 bestod av två Delphi-rundor där tre expertgrupper (hjärtstoppsöverlevare, anhöriga och vårdpersonal) bedömde relevansen av frågorna. I steg 3 utvärderades innehållsvaliditet av vårdpersonal med erfarenhet av post-hjärtstoppsvård och/eller neurorehabilitering. I steg 4 genomfördes kognitiva intervjuer med hjärtstoppsöverlevare kring svarsprocesser. Slutlig revidering av instrumentet gjordes i steg 5.

Resultat: Sjuksköterskor upplevde att bedömning av kognitiv nedsättning efter hjärtstopp är utmanande, särskilt vid milda svårigheter. De använde olika strategier för att identifiera kognitiva svårigheter hos överlevarna, men standardiserade instrument användes sällan. Dessutom upplevde sjuksköterskorna att de själva ibland gjorde felbedömningar av hjärtstoppsöverlevares kognitiva funktion. Hjärtstoppsöverlevare med måttlig cerebral funktionsnedsättning och de med självrapporterad kognitiv försämring rapporterade sämre hälsa, högre psykisk ohälsa och lägre livstillfredsställelse jämfört med dem med god cerebral funktion och utan kognitiv försämring. Utvecklingen av instrumentet Self-Reported Cognition – Cardiac Arrest (SeReCo-CA) resulterade i ett självskattningsinstrument med 29 frågor som omfattar kognitiva domäner såsom inlärning och minne, språk, komplex uppmärksamhet, exekutiv funktion och perceptuell-motorisk funktion.

Slutsats: Resultaten visar på vikten av att bedöma kognitiv funktion hos hjärtstoppsöverlevare, och visar att upplevd kognitiv försämring är kopplad till sämre hälsa, psykisk ohälsa och minskad livstillfredsställelse. Trots att screening rekommenderas i riktlinjer för eftervård vid hjärtstopp, används den i begränsad utsträckning, delvis på grund av svårigheter att upptäcka subtila nedsättningar. Instrumentet SeReCo-CA kan bidra till att identifiera fler hjärtstoppsöverlevare med behov av stöd och rehabilitering, och därmed stärka vårdens förmåga att möta dessa behov. Ytterligare psykometrisk utvärdering krävs innan instrumentet kan användas kliniskt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 83
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1990
Keywords [en]
Cardiac Arrest, Cognition, Instrument development, Self-report, Survivors
Keywords [sv]
Hjärtstopp, Instrumentutveckling, Kognition, Självskattning, Överlevare
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-219353DOI: 10.3384/9789181181531ISBN: 9789181181524 (print)ISBN: 9789181181531 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-219353DiVA, id: diva2:2012653
Public defence
2025-12-12, Berzeliussalen, building 463, Campus US, Linköping, 13:00
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-11-10 Created: 2025-11-10 Last updated: 2025-11-10Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Ways of understanding cognitive impairment in cardiac arrest survivors: A phenomenographic study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ways of understanding cognitive impairment in cardiac arrest survivors: A phenomenographic study
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing, ISSN 0964-3397, E-ISSN 1532-4036, Vol. 63, article id 102994Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aim: To describe the variation in ways that registered nurses perceive and understand cognitive impairment in cardiac arrest survivors. Design: A qualitative, inductive design with individual semi-structured interviews was applied. Data was analysed using a phenomenographic approach. Setting: The participants were nineteen Swedish registered nurses, experienced in cardiovascular care and providing follow-up care. Findings: The nurses perceived the cognitive impairment of the survivors in qualitatively different ways, as illustrated in two categories: The perceptible and obvious and The elusive and challenging. The nurses perceived a variety of signs of cognitive impairment, emotional expressions related to these, and recovery from cognitive impairment. They perceived confidence in capturing cognitive function when they understood the signs of cognitive impairment as severe and obvious. However, it was perceived as difficult to assess cognitive function when impairments were subtle, resulting in uncertainty in terms of how to make assessments. Nurses made use of their own strategies for assessments, which were sometimes found to be inadequate when they understood that they had misinterpreted the survivors cognitive impairment. Conclusion: Nurses feel uncertainty regarding detecting mild impairment in cardiac arrest survivors. By involving next of kin, nurses will gain a broader understanding of survivors cognitive function. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021
Keywords
Cardiac arrest; Cognition; Cognitive impairment; Follow-up care; Nursing; Phenomenography; Qualitative method
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-175268 (URN)10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102994 (DOI)000632425200002 ()33342651 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Ostergotland and Linkoping University, Sweden [LIO-820771]; Medical Research Council of Southeast SwedenUK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Medical Research Council UK (MRC) [FORSS-556481]

Available from: 2021-04-26 Created: 2021-04-26 Last updated: 2025-11-10Bibliographically approved
2. Differences in self-reported health between cardiac arrest survivors with good cerebral performance and survivors with moderate cerebral disability: a nationwide register study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Differences in self-reported health between cardiac arrest survivors with good cerebral performance and survivors with moderate cerebral disability: a nationwide register study
Show others...
2022 (English)In: BMJ Open, E-ISSN 2044-6055, Vol. 12, no 7, article id e058945Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective The aim was to compare self-reported health between cardiac arrest survivors with good cerebral performance (CPC 1) and survivors with moderate cerebral disability (CPC 2). Methods This comparative register study was based on nationwide data from the Swedish Register of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. The study included 2058 in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors with good cerebral performance or survivors with moderate cerebral disability, 3-6 months postcardiac arrest. Survivors completed a questionnaire including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and EQ-5D five-levels (EQ-5D-5L). Data were analysed using ordinal and linear regression models. Results For all survivors, the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms measured by the HADS was 14% and 13%, respectively. Using the EQ-5D-5L, the cardiac arrest survivors reported most health problems relating to pain/discomfort (57%), followed by anxiety/depression (47%), usual activities (46%), mobility (40%) and self-care (18%). Compared with the survivors with good cerebral performance, survivors with moderate cerebral disability reported significantly higher symptom levels of anxiety and depression measured with HADS, and poorer health in all dimensions of the EQ-5D-5L after adjusting for age, sex, place of cardiac arrest, aetiology and initial rhythm (p<0.001). Conclusions These findings stress the importance of screening for health problems in all cardiac arrest survivors to identify those in need of professional support and rehabilitation, independent on neurological outcome.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BMJ Publishing Group, 2022
Keywords
Adult cardiology; Coronary heart disease; Rehabilitation medicine; INTENSIVE & CRITICAL CARE
National Category
Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-187467 (URN)10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058945 (DOI)000823695600038 ()35820755 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden [FORSS-745341, FORSS-939845]; Region Ostergotland, Linkoping University, Sweden [RO-920281]

Available from: 2022-08-24 Created: 2022-08-24 Last updated: 2025-11-10
3. Cardiac arrest survivors’ self-reported cognitive function, and its association with self-reported health status, psychological distress, and life satisfaction—a Swedish nationwide registry study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cardiac arrest survivors’ self-reported cognitive function, and its association with self-reported health status, psychological distress, and life satisfaction—a Swedish nationwide registry study
Show others...
2025 (English)In: Resuscitation, ISSN 0300-9572, E-ISSN 1873-1570, Vol. 209, article id 110550Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aim Self-reported cognitive function has been described as an important complement to performance-based measurements but has seldom been investigated in cardiac arrest (CA) survivors. Therefore, the aim was to describe self-reported cognitive function and its association with health status, psychological distress, and life satisfaction. Methods This study utilised data from the Swedish Register of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (2018–2021), registered 3–6 months post-CA. Cognitive function was assessed by a single question: “How do you experience your memory, concentration, and/or planning abilities today compared to before the cardiac arrest?”. Health status was measured using the EQ VAS, psychological distress with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and overall life satisfaction with the Life Satisfaction checklist. Data were analysed using binary logistic regression. Results Among 4026 identified survivors, 1254 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 65.9 years (SD = 13.4) and 31.7% were female. Self-reported cognitive function among survivors was reported as: ‘Much worse’ by 3.1%, ‘Worse’ by 23.8%, ‘Unchanged’ by 68.3%, ‘Better’ by 3.3%, and ‘Much better’ by 1.5%. Declined cognitive function was associated with lower health status (OR = 2.76, 95% CI = 2.09–3.64), symptoms of anxiety (OR = 3.84, 95% CI = 2.80–5.24) and depression (OR = 4.52, 95% CI = 3.22–6.32), and being dissatisfied with overall life (OR = 2.74, 95% CI = 2.11–3.54). These associations remained significant after age, sex, place of CA, aetiology, initial rhythm, initial witnessed status, and cerebral performance were controlled. Conclusions Survivors experiencing declined cognitive function post-CA are at a higher risk of poorer health status, increased psychological distress, and reduced life satisfaction, and these risks should be acknowledged by healthcare professionals.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2025
Keywords
Cognitive function, Health status, Heart arrest, Life satisfaction, Psychological distress, Registry study
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-219352 (URN)10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110550 (DOI)39970976 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85219138153 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencies: This study was supported by grants from The Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden, Grants from Linköping University, Sweden, and the Astrid Janzon Foundation, Sweden.

Available from: 2025-11-10 Created: 2025-11-10 Last updated: 2025-11-10Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(4183 kB)39 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 4183 kBChecksum SHA-512
fea400d4f94c85169d7536730a528ee8beed283f8eb50ddc5cd4049bdf5d9457fddcad2a871bbc81b33770941514ae7d9b92a47ec176ab6985f00e16e7e234a2
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf
Order online >>

Other links

Publisher's full text

Authority records

Larsson, Karin

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Larsson, Karin
By organisation
Division of Nursing Sciences and Reproductive HealthFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
Nursing

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

doi
isbn
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
isbn
urn-nbn
Total: 819 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • oxford
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf