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Marine Spatial Planning in Pacific Island Ocean Governance
Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4770-9490
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Marin fysisk planering inom havsförvaltningen i Stillahavsöarna (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

The sustainable governance of ocean spaces remains a pressing challenge for Small Island Developing States (SIDS), where fragmented and sector-based management has long constrained the effectiveness of ocean governance. In these settings, multiple institutions often operate in isolation, pursuing competing priorities with limited coordination, resources, and accountability. These issues are particularly acute in the Pacific Islands, where vast ocean territories, customary marine tenure, and deeply rooted cultural values intersect with complex governance realities shaped by political and market-oriented forces. In response to these challenges, Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) offers an ecosystem-based, integrative framework for reconciling ecological, social, and economic objectives in marine and coastal governance. Yet, despite its growing adoption, MSP in SIDS remains a relatively new and complex endeavour, reflecting diverse institutional and cultural realities. This compilation thesis critically examines the role of MSP in advancing ocean governance in Pacific SIDS, with Fiji as the focal empirical case. It addresses a key knowledge gap regarding the contextual conditions under which MSP can function effectively as a governance instrument in resource-constrained, socially diverse settings. The four papers collectively trace this inquiry. The first paper identifies enabling and constraining conditions for MSP in SIDS through a semi-systematic literature review; the second explores how MSP could respond to Fiji’s ocean governance challenges; the third investigates how Fiji’s MSP process aligns with Indigenous coastal perspectives; and the fourth evaluates the extent to which MSP is fit for purpose in advancing transformative ocean governance across the Pacific.

The findings demonstrate that MSP’s effectiveness in SIDS depends on robust collaborative mechanisms underpinned by facilitative leadership, clearly defined legal mandates, strong institutions, and social capital that bridges formal and informal governance systems. Yet, the Pacific context presents distinct governance challenges, including colonial legacies of centralized authority, limited stakeholder ownership, overlapping institutional responsibilities, and low public awareness of MSP that constrain the transformative potential of MSP and risk perpetuating top-down approaches. Even so, MSP in this region has the potential to become a transformative governance instrument, precisely because of the Pacific’s remarkable ecological, cultural, and institutional diversity. Rather than a barrier, this diversity could serve as the foundation for a collaborative, polycentric, and adaptive governance architecture, in which multiple islands, customary authorities, and local institutions operate as interconnected nodes of innovation, learning, and resilience. In practical terms, this transformation requires legal recognition of customary marine tenure, resourcing local communities for meaningful participation, and empowering boundary organizations and communities of practice to bridge governance processes across scales. Together, these measures outline a pathway for MSP in the Pacific to move beyond its current technocratic and procedural emphasis, evolving into a relational, inclusive, and adaptive governance process capable of aligning ecological sustainability and economic aspirations with cultural legitimacy, equity, and social justice.

Abstract [sv]

Hållbar förvaltning av havsområden är en angelägen utmaning för små önationer under utveckling (SIDS), där fragmenterad och sektorsbaserad styrning länge har begränsat effektiviteten i havsförvaltningen. I dessa länder verkar ofta flera institutioner parallellt, med motstridiga prioriteringar och begränsad samordning, resursbas och ansvarsfördelning. Dessa utmaningar är särskilt akuta i önationer i Stilla havet, där vidsträckta havsområden, sedvanerättsliga nyttjanderätter och djupt rotade kulturella värderingar möter komplexa styrningsförhållanden präglade av politiska och marknadsmässiga krafter.

Som svar på dessa utmaningar erbjuder Marin Fysisk Planering ett ekosystembaserat och integrerat ramverk för att förena ekologiska, sociala och ekonomiska mål inom marin och kustnära förvaltning. Trots en växande användning är Marin Fysisk Planering fortfarande ett relativt nytt och komplext styrinstrument som speglar mångskiftande institutionella och kulturella förutsättningar. Denna sammanläggningsavhandling undersöker kritiskt vilken roll Marin Fysisk Planering kan spela för att främja havsförvaltning i Stillahavsområdets små önationer, med Fiji som empiriskt huvudfall.

Avhandlingen adresserar en central kunskapslucka som rör de kontextuella förhållanden under vilka Marin Fysisk Planering kan fungera effektivt som styrinstrument i resursbegränsade och socialt skiftande miljöer. Avhandlingen undersöker detta i fyra artiklar. Den första artikeln är en semistrukturerad litteraturöversikt, där förutsättningar som möjliggör och begränsar Marin Fysisk Planering i Stillahavsområdet identifieras. Den andra artikeln undersöker hur Marin Fysisk Planering kan möta Fijis utmaningar inom havsförvaltningen. Den tredje artikeln undersöker hur Fijis process för Marin Fysisk Planering överensstämmer med ursprungsbefolkningars perspektiv på kustområden. Den fjärde artikeln utvärderar i vilken utsträckning Marin Fysisk Planering lämpar sig för att främja en transformativ havsförvaltning i Stilla havsområdet.

Resultaten visar att effektiviteten för Marin Fysisk Planering i önationer i Stilla havsområdet är beroende av robusta former för samverkan, grundade i möjliggörande ledarskap, tydliga rättsliga mandat, starka institutioner och ett socialt kapital som kan överbrygga formella och informella styrningssystem. Samtidigt präglas Stilla havsområdet av särskilda styrningsutmaningar, såsom centraliserad maktutövning som ett resultat av koloniala arv, begränsat aktörsinflytande, överlappande institutionella ansvarsområden och låg allmän kännedom om Marin Fysisk Planering. Dessa faktorer hämmar dess transformativa potential och riskerar att befästa uppifrån-och-ner-perspektiv.

Trots detta har Marin Fysisk Planering potential att bli ett transformativt styrinstrument i denna region, just på grund av Stilla havsområdets anmärkningsvärda ekologiska, kulturella och institutionella mångfald. Snarare än ett hinder skulle denna mångfald kunna tjäna som grund för en samarbetsinriktad, polycentrisk och adaptiv styrningsarkitektur, där öar, sedvanerättsliga institutioner och lokala organisationer fungerar som sammankopplade noder för innovation, lärande och resiliens.

I praktiken kräver en sådan transformation att sedvanerättsligt inflytande över havsområden erkänns juridiskt, att lokala samhällen ges resurser för meningsfullt deltagande, samt att gränsöverskridande organisationer och praktikgemenskaper stärks. Tillsammans utgör dessa åtgärder en möjlig väg för önationer i Stilla havsområdet, där Marin Fysisk Planering kan utvecklas bortom sitt nuvarande teknokratiska och procedurmässiga fokus och istället bli en mer relationell, inkluderande och adaptiv styrningsprocess, som kan förena ekologisk hållbarhet och ekonomiska ambitioner med kulturell legitimitet, jämlikhet och social rättvisa.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 106
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 923
Keywords [en]
Marine spatial planning, Ocean governance, Pacific Islands, Transformative change, Indigenous Peoples
Keywords [sv]
Marin fysisk planering, Havsförvaltning, Stillahavsöar, Transformativ förändring, Ursprungsbefolkningar
National Category
Environmental Studies in Social Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-219583DOI: 10.3384/9789181183184ISBN: 9789181183177 (print)ISBN: 9789181183184 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-219583DiVA, id: diva2:2014774
Public defence
2025-12-19, Temcas, T-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding Agencies: Research presented in the publication contributes to the research programme MISTRA GEOPOLITICS, which is funded by the MISTRA – The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (grant ID: 2016/11 #5). 

Available from: 2025-11-19 Created: 2025-11-19 Last updated: 2025-11-19Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Marine spatial planning and ocean governance in Small Island Developing States
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Marine spatial planning and ocean governance in Small Island Developing States
2025 (English)In: Regional Environmental Change, ISSN 1436-3798, E-ISSN 1436-378X, Vol. 25, no 3, article id 91Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Marine spatial planning (MSP), initially developed to address the needs of the global North, is gaining significant traction in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and is hailed as a collaborative governance instrument for managing and optimizing the allocation of ocean space. Despite its growing adoption, there has been limited attention given to what is needed for MSP to be effective and collaborative in SIDS, which is struggling with issues of fragmented ocean governance, insufficient funding, data limitations, and ad hoc stakeholder engagement. A research gap exists in identifying the conditions necessary for MSP to function effectively as a collaborative governance instrument in SIDS. By employing an analytical framework grounded in collaborative governance models, this paper reviews 40 academic articles and 15 grey literature sources to assess MSP's application in SIDS and identify factors critical for its success as a collaborative instrument. We used NVivo software to conduct content analysis of SIDS-based academic articles. The analysis was guided by pre-defined categories within our analytical framework. The mapping and analysis of the literature point towards leadership and institutional mechanisms, which have proven essential for mobilizing MSP, integrating existing marine management strategies into MSP frameworks, and addressing local socio-cultural priorities. The literature reveals inadequate consideration for social objectives in MSP and highlights the flaws in government-led participatory initiatives. In the absence of strong leadership, inclusive governance, and sustainable institutional and financial support, MSP in SIDS risks becoming merely symbolic, addressing international commitments without delivering tangible local benefits. This study highlights the need to prioritize the process of MSP rather than solely focusing on outcomes and recommends including Indigenous knowledge and practices. A customized MSP approach for SIDS is proposed, incorporating incentives to actively engage Indigenous Peoples and local stakeholders in a collaborative ocean governance framework.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2025
Keywords
Marine spatial planning; Collaborative governance; Small Island Developing States; Stakeholder engagement; Leadership; Indigenous knowledge
National Category
Human Geography
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-216459 (URN)10.1007/s10113-025-02412-x (DOI)001516668800001 ()2-s2.0-105009007831 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2025-08-19 Created: 2025-08-19 Last updated: 2025-11-19
2. Marine spatial planning in ocean governance: Fijian perspectives
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Marine spatial planning in ocean governance: Fijian perspectives
2025 (English)In: Frontiers in Marine Science, E-ISSN 2296-7745, Vol. 12, article id 1686846Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is a globally established tool to support integrated ocean management. As Small Island Developing States (SIDS) embrace MSP, this study focuses on Fiji as it begins its MSP process alongside the implementation of newly established ocean-related policies and legislation. The study investigates whether MSP has the potential to address the challenges identified by various actors and, if so, to explore how this can be achieved. A mixed-methods case study approach was employed, combining analysis of national policy documents with semi-structured interviews involving key actors in Fiji’s ocean governance. Guided by collaborative governance theory, interview data were thematically analyzed using NVivo. The results indicate that MSP could serve as a viable governance tool capable of addressing institutional silos and overcoming coordination challenges. However, prevailing interagency conflicts, power imbalances between stakeholders, and ambiguity surrounding roles and responsibilities pose significant barriers to meaningful participation, risking the reinforcement of the status quo. Our findings highlight that effective leadership, inclusive governance arrangements, financial sustainability, and social capital are mutually reinforcing enablers of collaboration within MSP. Finally, we recommend a staged, evidence-based approach to institutional reform aligned with fiscal and political realities that offers the most viable pathway to building a legitimate, resilient, and durable MSP system

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media SA, 2025
Keywords
marine spatial planning, collaborative ocean governance, stakeholder engagement, policies and institutions, leadership, indigenous knowledge
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-219581 (URN)10.3389/fmars.2025.1686846 (DOI)001605871300001 ()2-s2.0-105020737773 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencie: This publication is a deliverable of MISTRA GEOPOLITICS, which is funded by MISTRA – The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research.

Available from: 2025-11-19 Created: 2025-11-19 Last updated: 2025-11-27Bibliographically approved

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