liu.seSearch for publications in DiVA
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • oxford
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Life cycle assessment of football fields in Nordic climates: Comparing artificial and natural turf systems
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0009-0008-6314-5262
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7356-8524
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Environmental Technology and Management. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6736-6125
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.
2025 (English)In: Cleaner Environmental Systems, ISSN 2666-7894, Vol. 19, article id 100369Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Sport is more than just a game—it's a global phenomenon that shapes cultures, economies, and communities. Football, the world's most popular sport, is a prime example. Yet beneath the surface lies an overlooked environmental cost. As the climate crisis accelerates, the sprawling network of football facilities—stadiums, training grounds, and infrastructure—emerges as a silent contributor to environmental degradation and the transgression of planetary boundaries. Two common types of fields exist: artificial and natural turf. Research on environmental impacts of these turfs remains limited, especially in cold climates. This study presents a life cycle assessment of 1 m2 artificial and natural football turfs in Nordic climates, evaluating their environmental impacts such as global warming potential, eutrophication potential and ecotoxicity potential across construction, use, maintenance, and end-of-life phases over operational lifespans of 10, 20 and 30 years. Natural turf exhibited the highest overall environmental impacts over the operational lifespan, e.g. the global warming potential was 30.6 kg CO2 eq/m2 while the artificial turf reached 15.6 kg CO2 eq/m2. During the construction phase, artificial turf generated significant emissions, mainly from material production. In the use phase, natural turf showed the greatest impacts due to diesel consumption and fertilizer application. At the end-of-life stage, artificial turf's sand and infill were reused, while the turf carpet and shock pad were incinerated for energy recovery. However, without recycling, artificial turf would represent the highest environmental burden among the evaluated alternatives. Implementing effective recycling and energy recovery strategies is essential to mitigate its environmental impact. Furthermore, sourcing turf materials locally, combined with substituting conventional maintenance equipment with electric robotic alternatives, can further reduce overall environmental impacts.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2025. Vol. 19, article id 100369
Keywords [en]
Life cycle assessment, Artificial turfNatural turf, Environmental impact, Sustainability, Football field
National Category
Environmental Management
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-219584DOI: 10.1016/j.cesys.2025.100369ISI: 001619340000002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105020848180OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-219584DiVA, id: diva2:2014871
Projects
Hållbara fotbollsplaner 2050
Funder
The Kamprad Family Foundation, 20230101
Note

Funding Agencies|Kamprad Family Foundation for Entrepreneurship, Research Charity [20230101]

Available from: 2025-11-19 Created: 2025-11-19 Last updated: 2025-12-11

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(3101 kB)75 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 3101 kBChecksum SHA-512
27baf304abfa8745c42e35f189786f2818ca0f1adfd2174928bf0fa291836393a6fb3cdf169e12a870b0b7cc255a8990380a3147d19c1dd22abe76e966687410
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Other links

Publisher's full textScopus

Authority records

Säberg, MikaelLindkvist, EmmaFeiz, RoozbehThollander, Patrik

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Säberg, MikaelLindkvist, EmmaFeiz, RoozbehThollander, Patrik
By organisation
Energy SystemsFaculty of Science & EngineeringEnvironmental Technology and Management
Environmental Management

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 541 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • oxford
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf