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Multi-Pump Systems for Electrified Mobile Machinery: Addressing Combinatorial Control Complexity through Simulation-Based Optimisation
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Fluid and Mechatronic Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9533-8578
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Electrification is increasingly being adopted in mobile machinery as a means to reduce carbon emissions and improve energy efficiency. While electric solutions for actuation are growing, hydraulic systems still offer a favourable balance between cost, power density, reliability, and overall performance. Their primary drawback is efficiency, as they often rely on throttling control, which incurs high losses. However, electrified vehicles bring new opportunities for redesigning hydraulic systems.

An electric vehicle does not require a centralised hydraulic system. Integrated electric machine and hydraulic pump/motor units have long been available, enabling systems composed of multiple smaller decentralised components. Such arrangements allow the system to match flow and pressure demand directly, reducing or eliminating throttling losses.

This enables new hydraulic architectures that require alternative control methods and have not been previously analysed. This thesis focuses on the Multi-Pump System (MPS), which uses multiple smaller fixed-displacement hydraulic machines to supply flow to the actuators through on/off valves. The design minimises throttling by using the valves for flow routing and the pump/motors for control. Any pump/motor port can connect to any actuator chamber, and the architecture enables energy regeneration and recuperation.

This system offers considerable flexibility in performing a task. For instance, it can control actuators independently using varying numbers of active pump/motors, short-circuit actuator chambers to reduce the total required pump flow, or utilise the return flow for electric energy recuperation. This licentiate thesis investigates the decision-making process involved in selecting among these operating modes.

It proposes an optimisation-based method to infer viable and preferred control decisions from the actuators’ operating points, thereby reducing the control decision space. A structurally simple system is analysed, and a visualisation method is introduced to summarise the transition regions between operating modes for the hydraulic machines. Finally, a dynamic model is tested using the decisions from this analysis to develop the control system. The results indicate that this approach can be extended to more complex systems, although new strategies may be required to identify mode transition patterns.

Abstract [sv]

Elektrifiering sker i allt större utsträckning bland entreprenadmaskiner som ett sätt att minska koldioxidutsläpp och förbättra energieffektiviteten. I och med elektrifieringen blir elektromekaniska aktuatorer ett intressant alternativ till de konventionella hy-draulsystem, som i regel används för att utföra arbeten i dessa maskiner. Hydraulsystemen erbjuder dock fortfarande en gynnsam balans mellan kostnad, effekttäthet, till-förlitlighet och övergripande prestanda. Den främsta nackdelen är energieffektiviteten, eftersom styrning i regel sker via strypning av flödet. Elektrifieringen öppnar dock upp nya designmöjligheter för hydraulsystem.

Ett elektriskt fordon kräver inte ett centraliserat hydraulsystem. Integrerade enheter bestående av elektriska maskiner och hydraulmaskiner möjliggör system som består av flera mindre, decentraliserade komponenter. Sådana konfigurationer gör det möjligt för systemet att direkt matcha flödes- och tryckbehov, vilket minskar eller eliminerar strypförluster.

Denna avhandling fokuserar på ett så kallat Multi-Pump System (MPS), som använder flera mindre hydraulmaskiner med fast deplacement för att leverera flöde till aktuatorer via ett antal on/off-ventiler. Samtliga portar kan sammankopplas med varandra. Arkitekturen minimerar strypförluster samt erbjuder en hög grad av flexibilitet. Till exempel kan det styra aktuatorer med varierande antal aktiva hydraul-maskiner, kortsluta cylinderkammare för att minska det totala nödvändiga pumpflödet, eller använda returflödet för elektrisk energiåtervinning. Denna licentiatavhandling undersöker hur driftlägen ska väljas.

En optimeringsbaserad metod föreslås, där styrbeslut görs utifrån aktuatorernas driftpunkter. Ett förhållandevis enkelt system analyseras, och en visualiseringsmetod introduceras för att sammanfatta övergångsregionerna mellan driftlägen för de hy-drauliska maskinerna. Slutligen testas en dynamisk modell med hjälp av besluten från denna analys för att utveckla styrsystemet. Resultaten indikerar att detta tillvägagångssätt kan utvidgas till mer komplexa system, även om nya strategier kan krävas för att identifiera mönster för lägesövergångar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 64
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Licentiate Thesis, ISSN 0280-7971 ; 2022
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-219594DOI: 10.3384/9789181183047ISBN: 9789181183030 (print)ISBN: 9789181183047 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-219594DiVA, id: diva2:2015041
Presentation
2025-12-12, C3, C-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding Agencie: Strategic Vehicle Research and Innovation (Fordonsstrategisk forskning och innovation - FFI) program within the Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten), with project numbers P2019-027632 and P2023-00594.

Available from: 2025-11-20 Created: 2025-11-20 Last updated: 2025-11-21Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. An Analysis of a Multi-Pump System for Actuator Operation in Electric Mobile Machinery
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An Analysis of a Multi-Pump System for Actuator Operation in Electric Mobile Machinery
2023 (English)In: ASME/BATH 2023 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control - FPMC2023, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers , 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper presents an analysis of a multi-pump solution for a hydraulic cylinder for application in mobile machinery with electric prime movers. The flexibility provided by using electric motors instead of an internal combustion engine allows for the design of alternative hydraulic architectures that remove the need for a centralized pumping system and support more direct control of individual components. This allows them to operate at a higher efficiency region to improve overall vehicle efficiency, leading to smaller batteries and shorter or less frequent recharge periods. To evaluate the capabilities of this proposal, this paper focuses on a backward calculation analysis of a single actuator operating with multiple pump/motors connected to each chamber. A series of hydraulic machines with fixed displacement and identical sizes are connected to the actuator chambers through on/off directional valves. The system controls the flow by using the required pumps and selecting their optimal speeds to minimize energy consumption or maximize energy recovery. The results show how the number of pumps affects the system’s performance and provide insights regarding the selection of operating machines according to the actuator speed and force.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023
Series
Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control
Keywords
multi-pump hydraulic actuator, multi-pump system, hydraulic actuation, electric mobile machinery, electrification
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-199230 (URN)10.1115/FPMC2023-111452 (DOI)001219322300023 ()9780791887431 (ISBN)
Conference
ASME/BATH 2023 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control, Sarasota, FL, USA, October 16-18, 2023.
Projects
Energieffektiva kompakta elektrohydrauliska komponent- och systemlösningar för arbetsmaskiner, E-hydraulik
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 305207
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten) [50181-1]

Available from: 2023-11-21 Created: 2023-11-21 Last updated: 2025-11-20Bibliographically approved
2. The Multi-Pump System Combinatorial Problem: A Filtering Approach Using Genetic Algorithms
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Multi-Pump System Combinatorial Problem: A Filtering Approach Using Genetic Algorithms
2025 (English)In: The 19th Scandinavian International Conference on Fluid Power, SICFP'25 / [ed] Prof. Liselott Ericson, Linköping, Sweden: River Publishers, 2025, article id Article 33Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

 Hybrid and fully electric heavy machinery introduce new possibilities for hydraulic system design. Due to their lower energy density compared to conventional combustion engine systems, improving hydraulic efficiency is crucial. Electro-hydraulic actuators can achieve this but often require high installed power, as each actuator must be sized for maximum demand. The multi-pump system (MPS) in this paper addresses this by allowing all hydraulic machines to serve any actuator via a network of on/off valves, reducing losses and installed power. However, its multiple degrees of freedom make optimal operation non-trivial. This paper proposes a filtering strategy using a genetic algorithm to identify efficient operating points for the MPS. Although applicable for larger systems, the results here focus on an MPS with two pumps and one actuator as an example. A quasi-static system model is introduced, which the GA uses to determine steady-state control signals that minimise power consumption. The results highlight ideal operating conditions, significantly narrowing the range of viable valve combinations and pump/motor speeds. Finally, the paper discusses the limitations of the approach and its potential extension to more complex multi-pump systems for the development of dynamic control strategies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping, Sweden: River Publishers, 2025
Keywords
Multi-pump system, optimisation, genetic algorithm, hydraulic system modelling
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering Other Engineering and Technologies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-216186 (URN)10.13052/rp-9788743808251A33 (DOI)9788743808251 (ISBN)
Conference
The 19th Scandinavian International Conference on Fluid Power, SICFP’25, Linköping, Sweden, June 2-4, 2025.
Projects
Energy-efficient compact electro-hydraulic component and system solutions for construction vehicles, E-hydraulics phase II
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, P2023-00594
Available from: 2025-08-04 Created: 2025-08-04 Last updated: 2025-11-21
3. Control of Multi-Pump Systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Control of Multi-Pump Systems
2025 (English)In: Proceedings of the ASME 2025 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, 2025, Vol. 6, article id DETC2025-164506Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

With the electrification of mobile machinery comes the demand for new, efficient hydraulic systems. One system type of interest is the multi-pump architecture, which uses multiple pumps that can be connected to different actuators via on/off valves. This is a modular system that can perform efficiently, and the required installed power can be kept low compared to other similar approaches. It requires many valves, but offers many possible modes of operation. However, switching between modes is non-trivial and can cause disturbances and losses. In this paper, different controllers for a multi-pump system with two pumps and one actuator are investigated. Controllers that keep the pressure side of the pumps fixed are compared to controllers that allow varying pressure sides (meaning they can work in two or four quadrants, respectively). The ideal operating mode for each operating point was found using a genetic algorithm. The controllers were tested for different dynamics of the valves and pumps. It was found that the dynamics of the components have a similar impact regardless of the control strategy, assuming the dynamics are sufficiently fast. However, the controllers with fixed pressure sides generally performed marginally better.

Keywords
multi-pump system, fluid power, electrification, control
National Category
Control Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-219587 (URN)10.1115/DETC2025-164506 (DOI)978-0-7918-8926-8 (ISBN)
Conference
ASME 2025 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference IDETC-CIE2025 August 17-20, 2025, Anaheim, CA
Note

Funding Agencies: This research was funded by the Strategic Vehicle Research and Innovation (FFI– Fordonsstrategisk forskning och innovation) program within the Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten) under grant number P2023-00594.

Available from: 2025-11-19 Created: 2025-11-19 Last updated: 2025-11-20Bibliographically approved

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Tozzi de Cantuaria Gama, Artur

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