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On the Chemical Challenges Towards Green High-Performance Cellulosic Materials
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0009-0006-0806-2523
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Cellulose stands at a strategic crossroads in the pursuit of a more sustainable materials economy. Whether as a chemical feedstock, a structural component, or a precursor for advanced derivatives and high-performance devices, this pivotal biopolymer continues to drive scientific and technological innovation, even after nearly two centuries of study.

Inspired by this rich scientific legacy, the present thesis aspires to provide new insights into cellulose understanding and valorization. At its core lies a unifying theme: addressing at our level the chemical challenges of cellulose transformation and functionalization, which serves as the red thread throughout this work.

To do so, the first part of this doctoral project explored the synthesis of fully bio-based ionic liquids derived from betaine, specifically designed to exhibit chemical affinity for cellulose. In combination with co-solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or acetic acid, one variant was found to facilitate the chemical modification of cellulose, with a range of biorelevant anhydrides.

Building on the methodologies developed using model substrates, these chemical tools were then translated into material design, fostering concepts at the interface between chemical control, tunability, and material engineering. For example, strong and transparent plastic-like materials were obtained via chemically enabled self-densification of delignified wood templates upon simple air-drying. Another example involves the valorization of anhydride-functionalized wood fibers to initiators via radical transfer during classical free radical polymerization under aqueous conditions, resulting in ultra-charged fibers. Beyond the synthetic concept, such materials hold valuable potential for applications in water remediation for example.

Altogether, this thesis aims to bridge as close as possible cellulose green chemistry with material design. By providing efficient and relevant workflows, we hope to contribute and help promote cellulose and cellulosic materials as the pillar of a more sustainable future.

Abstract [sv]

Cellulosa står vid ett strategiskt vägskäl i strävan efter en mer hållbar materialekonomi. Oavsett om den används som kemisk råvara, strukturell komponent eller som föregångare till avancerade derivat och högpresterande applikationer, så fortsätter denna centrala biopolymer att driva vetenskaplig och teknologisk innovation, även efter nästan två århundraden av forskning.

Inspirerad av detta rika vetenskapliga arv strävar denna avhandling efter att ge nya insikter om förståelse och värdeskapande kring cellulosa. I dess kärna ligger ett enande tema: att på vår nivå möta de kemiska utmaningarna med cellulosas förändring och funktionalisering, vilket fungerar som en röd tråd genom hela arbetet.

För att uppnå detta utforskar den första delen av doktorandprojektet syntesen av helt biobaserade joniska vätskor härledda från betain, specifikt utformade för att uppvisa kemisk affinitet för cellulosa. I kombination med medlösningsmedel som dimetylsulfoxid (DMSO) eller ättiksyra visade sig en variant underlätta den kemiska modifieringen av cellulosa med en rad relevanta anhydrider.

Byggande på de metoder som utvecklats med modellsubstrat översattes dessa till kemiska verktyg för materialdesign, vilket ledde till nya koncept vid gränsytan mellan kemisk kontroll, anpassningsbarhet och materialteknik. Till exempel erhölls starka och transparenta plastliknande material genom kemiskt möjliggjord självkomprimering av avlignifierade trälaminat vid enkel lufttorkning. Ett annat exempel innefattar värdeskapande av anhydridfunktionaliserade träfibrer till initiatorer för radikalöverföring reaktioner under klassisk fri radikalpolymerisation i vatten som enda lösningsmedel, vilket resulterade i ultra-laddade fibrer. Utöver utvecklandet av det syntetiska konceptet har dessa material även värdefull potential för tillämpningar inom vattenrening.

Sammanfattningsvis syftar denna avhandling till att så nära som möjligt förena cellulosas gröna kemi med materialdesign. Genom att tillhandahålla effektiva och relevanta arbetsflöden hoppas vi kunna bidra och hjälpa till att främja cellulosa och cellulosamaterial som en pelare i en mer hållbar framtid.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. , p. 88
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2501
Keywords [en]
Cellulose, Ionic liquids, Green chemistry, Anhydride, Self-densified wood, Materials chemistry
Keywords [sv]
Cellulosa, Joniska vätskor, Grön kemi, Anhydrid, Självkomprimerat trä, Materialkemi
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-220148ISBN: 9789181184273 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-220148DiVA, id: diva2:2022705
Public defence
2026-02-13, K2, Kåkenhus, Norrköping, Linköping, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-12-17 Created: 2025-12-17 Last updated: 2025-12-18Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Fully Bio‐Based Ionic Liquids for Green Chemical Modification of Cellulose in the Activated‐State
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fully Bio‐Based Ionic Liquids for Green Chemical Modification of Cellulose in the Activated‐State
2023 (English)In: ChemSusChem, ISSN 1864-5631, E-ISSN 1864-564X, Vol. 17, no 3Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Biopolymers, especially cellulose, are vital to transitioning to a circular economy and reducing our reliance on fossil fuels. However, for many applications a high degree of cellulose hydroxyl modification is necessary. The challenge is that the chemical features of the hydroxyls of cellulose and water are similar. Therefore, chemical modification of cellulose is often explored under non-aqueous conditions with systems that result in high hydroxyl accessibility and reduce cellulose aggregation. Unfortunately, these systems depend on hazardous and complex solvents from fossil resources, which diverge from the initial sustainability objectives. To address this, we developed three new betaine-based ionic liquids that are fully bio-based, scalable, and green. We found that a specific ionic liquid had the perfect chemical features for the chemical activation of cellulose without disturbing its crystalline ordering. The high activation in heterogeneous conditions was exemplified by reacting cellulose with succinic anhydride, resulting in more than 30 % conversion of all hydroxyls on cellulose. Overall, this work opens new perspectives for the derivatization of cellulosic materials while simultaneously “keeping it green”.

National Category
Materials Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-207516 (URN)10.1002/cssc.202301233 (DOI)001101553000001 ()2-s2.0-85176577968 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-09-10 Created: 2024-09-10 Last updated: 2025-12-17
2. Controlled green heterogenous functionalization of cellulose via strategic reaction system design
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Controlled green heterogenous functionalization of cellulose via strategic reaction system design
2025 (English)In: Carbohydrate Polymers, ISSN 0144-8617, E-ISSN 1879-1344, Vol. 354, article id 123310Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Green chemical modification of cellulose presents a unique chemical challenge, especially from the vantage point of sustainable development that is favored by the use of wood fibers, heterogeneous conditions, and reactants and solvents of biobased relevance. However, heterogeneous conditions imply that cellulose is a supramolecular assembly whose composition and build-up depend on the initial source and pretreatments. Also, understanding reaction outcomes is accompanied by inherently challenging characterization. The key question is how we should design our reaction systems to achieve customizable and green functionalization of cellulose under heterogeneous conditions. To explore this, we selected never-dried high-content cellulose fibers (>96 % cellulose) as the substrate for the modification with three relevant biobased reactants (succinic, maleic, and crotonic anhydride), with BBIL-AcO as a biobased reactivity promoter. The reactions were performed under either high fiber swelling (basic) or low fiber swelling (acidic) heterogeneous conditions, and the outcome was analyzed in detail. The results unravel clear design strategies for controlling the reaction outcome during the green heterogeneous functionalization of cellulose and present clear synthetic strategies for using cellulose as the key substrate in the next generation of fully biobased and green materials.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2025
Keywords
Cellulose; Reaction design; Green chemistry; Heterogenous modification; Biobased
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-211802 (URN)10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123310 (DOI)001421720300001 ()39978899 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85216551999 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development [2020-01696]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation through the Wallenberg Wood Science Center and Treesearch Research

Available from: 2025-02-24 Created: 2025-02-24 Last updated: 2025-12-17

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Marcos Celada, Lukas

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