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Making Sense of Smart Electricity Meters: A Socio-Technical Perspective
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Information Systems and Digitalization. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0163-442X
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Smart electricity meters are widely promoted as enablers of efficient, flexible, and sustainable energy systems, yet their real-world outcomes often diverge from these ambitions. This thesis examines smart meters through a socio-technical perspective, showing that smartness is not an inherent technical feature but an effect emerging from interactions among technology, governance, institutions, and everyday practice. 

The thesis, guided by Socio-Technical Systems theory, brings together five studies that were conducted separately and later analysed together. Each addresses a different layer of the socio-technical system, moving from conceptualisation to practice and governance. The first and third papers establish the theoretical foundation by examining how smart meters and the idea of “smartness” are represented in research and by developing a multidimensional framework for evaluating smartness as a relational and evolving quality. The second paper explores how Swedish households understand and experience smart meters introduced through a nationwide rollout, revealing limited engagement and the normalisation of the technology as background infrastructure. The fourth paper critiques Information Systems research, showing how smart meters are often “black-boxed” and detached from their institutional and infrastructural contexts. The fifth paper examines Sri Lanka’s emerging smart grid, demonstrating how infrastructural fragility and fragmented governance create socio-technical misalignments that constrain functionality and legitimacy. 

Together, the studies show that smartness is relational, situated, and continuously negotiated. Misalignments appear at informational, institutional, infrastructural, and discursive levels, revealing the gap between policy ambitions and lived experience. Achieving alignment requires governance reflexivity - the capacity to iteratively adjust technical systems, policy frameworks, and social practices over time. 

Conceptually, the thesis reframes smartness as a socio-technical effect that arises from alignment across multiple layers of practice. Empirically, it demonstrates how different contexts shape the enactment and consequences of smart meter adoption. Practically, it highlights the importance of reflexive and context-sensitive governance that anticipates misalignments, fosters interpretive engagement, and aligns technological ambition with institutional capacity and infrastructural realities.  

Abstract [sv]

Smarta elmätare framhålls ofta som verktyg för att skapa effektiva, flexibla och hållbara energisystem, men deras faktiska utfall motsvarar inte alltid dessa ambitioner. I denna avhandling analyseras smarta elmätare ur ett sociotekniskt perspektiv och visar att ”smarthet” inte är en inneboende teknisk egenskap utan uppstår genom samspelet mellan teknik, styrning, institutioner och vardaglig användning.

Avhandlingen, som utgår från socioteknisk systemteori, sammanför fem enskilda studier som analyseras gemensamt. Varje studie belyser olika nivåer i det sociotekniska systemet - från konceptualisering till praktik och styrning. Den första och tredje artikeln utgör den teoretiska grunden genom att analysera hur smarta elmätare och ”smarthet” beskrivs i forskning samt genom att utveckla ett ramverk för att förstå smarthet som relationell och föränderlig. Den andra artikeln undersöker hur svenska hushåll uppfattar och använder de nationellt införda mätarna, och visar på begränsat engagemang och hur tekniken normaliserats som infrastruktur. Den fjärde artikeln kritiserar informationssystemforskningens tendens att ”svartlåda” tekniken och koppla bort den från organisatoriska och infrastrukturella sammanhang. Den femte artikeln analyserar Sri Lankas framväxande smarta elnät och visar hur bristande infrastruktur och fragmenterad styrning skapar sociotekniska missanpassningar som begränsar funktion och legitimitet.

Tillsammans visar studierna att smarthet är relationell, situerad och förhandlad över tid. Missanpassningar uppstår på informativa, institutionella, infrastrukturella och diskursiva nivåer och tydliggör gapet mellan politiska ambitioner och vardagliga erfarenheter. En reflexiv styrning som successivt anpassar tekniska system, policyer och sociala praktiker krävs för att nå bättre samordning.

Avhandlingen omdefinierar därmed smarthet som en socioteknisk effekt som uppstår genom samspel mellan flera nivåer av praktik, visar hur olika nationella och institutionella sammanhang formar införande och användning, och betonar vikten av en kontextkänslig och reflexiv styrning som förutser missanpassningar, stärker tolkande engagemang och anpassar tekniska ambitioner till institutionella och infrastrukturella förutsättningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 107
Series
Faculty of Arts and Sciences thesis, ISSN 1401-4637 ; 137Dissertation from the Swedish Research School of Management and Information Technology (MIT). Licentiate theses, ISSN 1653-2554 ; 58
Keywords [en]
Smart Meter Technology, Smart Grid, Socio-Technical Systems, Information Systems, Digital Infrastructures, Energy Studies, User Engagement
Keywords [sv]
Smarta Elmätare, Smarta Elnät, Sociotekniska System, Informationssystem, Digitala Infrastrukturer, Energistudier, Användarengagemang
National Category
Science and Technology Studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-220184DOI: 10.3384/9789181184129ISBN: 9789181184112 (print)ISBN: 9789181184129 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-220184DiVA, id: diva2:2023487
Presentation
2026-01-16, TemCas, Temahuset, Campus Valla, Linköping, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

In the printed version two ISSN numbers were incorrectly listed, these are removed in the digital version. 

The name of the series was incorrect on the cover and on the title page. The correct official name is "FiF-avhandling, Filosofiska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet". This is changed in the digital version.

Available from: 2025-12-19 Created: 2025-12-19 Last updated: 2026-01-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Exploring Smart Meters: What We Know and What We Need to Know
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring Smart Meters: What We Know and What We Need to Know
2023 (English)In: Perspectives in Business Informatics Research / [ed] Knut Hinkelmann, Francisco J. López-Pellicer, Andrea Polini, Ascoli Piceno, Italy: Springer , 2023, Vol. 493, p. 105-120Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Implementation of smart meters is revolutionizing traditional energy grids, promoting energy efficiency, and enabling two-way communication between energy suppliers and consumers. This paper presents a scoping review of smart meters investigating functional and non-functional expectations, benefits, drawbacks, and factors influencing implementation of smart meters. The study aims at providing an overview of existing research in this area and identify gaps and limitations in literature, especially in between smart meter literature and how consumers perceive smart meters. Through a scoping review process, 16 articles were selected for analysis. The findings highlight the importance of real-time information, remote monitoring, accuracy, privacy, and security in smart meter functionality. The benefits encompass improved customer awareness, energy efficiency, and grid stability, while the drawbacks include privacy concerns and limitations in current standards. Factors influencing adoption include cost-benefit analysis, regulatory policies, consumer awareness, and technical considerations. The study reveals research gaps related to long-term performance, social and psychological factors, diverse consumer segments, privacy and data security, economic viability, regional contexts, and stakeholder dynamics. Addressing these gaps will contribute to maximizing benefits of smart meters, informing policymakers, utility companies, and researchers for effective strategies in energy management and sustainability. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research and underscores the need to understand consumers’ perspectives on smart meters.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Ascoli Piceno, Italy: Springer, 2023
Keywords
Scoping Review; Smart Meter; Smart Meter Consumer
National Category
Information Systems, Social aspects
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-198271 (URN)10.1007/978-3-031-43126-5_8 (DOI)001284371000008 ()2-s2.0-85172069110 (Scopus ID)9783031431258 (ISBN)9783031431265 (ISBN)
Conference
22nd International Conference on Business Informatics Research, BIR, Ascoli Piceno, Italy, September 13–15, 2023
Note

Funding Agencies|Kamprad Family Foundation

Available from: 2023-10-02 Created: 2023-10-02 Last updated: 2025-12-19Bibliographically approved
2. Users' understanding of smart meters in Sweden: an interpretive study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Users' understanding of smart meters in Sweden: an interpretive study
2024 (English)In: Proceedings of the BIR 2024 Workshops and Doctoral Consortium, 2024, p. 119-133Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Smart Grid has emerged as a phenomenon in energy management by replacing traditional gridswith cutting-edge technology. Central to this innovation are smart meters, which hold significantpotential for transforming energy consumption, monitoring, and regulation. However, thesuccess of smart meter implementation relies heavily on user engagement. This research delvesinto the perceptions, barriers, and concerns associated with smart meter usage, focusing onSweden, where smart meter deployment is mandated by the government. Utilizing a two-stepinvestigation comprising a literature review and interviews with new smart meter users, thisstudy identifies key obstacles and apprehensions hindering acceptance and adoption. Byemploying the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) theory as an interpretive lens, theanalysis underscores the understanding of users as a relevant social group and the interpretiveflexibility of a technology that, for its closure, requires further negotiation among the differentrelevant social groups. This approach sheds light on the challenges associated with the need forappraisal by users and the commitment to a specific technological choice by institutions. Thefindings offer insights for future research and practice to promote sustainable energy systems.

Series
CEUR Workshop Proceedings, ISSN 1613-0073
Keywords
Smart Grid, Smart Meter, User Perspective, SCOT Theory
National Category
Information Systems, Social aspects
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-208866 (URN)
Conference
9th Workshop on Managed Complexity (ManComp 2024), Prague, Czech Rep., September 11-13, 2024
Available from: 2024-10-28 Created: 2024-10-28 Last updated: 2025-12-19
3. Exploring the Meaning of Smartness of Smart Meter Technology Within Smart Grids
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring the Meaning of Smartness of Smart Meter Technology Within Smart Grids
2024 (English)In: ICIS 2024 Proceedings. 8, Association for Information Systems, 2024, article id 2149Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Smart Meters (SM) are a key element in modern energy systems, utilizing information technologies to optimize energy management. Despite their growing recognition, their global implementation faces numerous challenges. One such challenge arises from the ambiguity surrounding the term "smart," leading to confusion about the defining characteristics of smartness in these meters. Drawing inspiration from Alter's seminal paper "Making Sense of Smartness in the Context of Smart Devices and Smart Systems" (2020), we employ Alter's guiding principles to structure our research. Through a literature review and the application of these principles, our aim is to align chosen studies with the concept of smartness in SM while uncovering additional dimensions. Our analysis results in the development of a framework comprising 16 key aspects that incorporate smartness in SM, providing structured criteria for their evaluation. We offer a tailored framework for a comprehensive and enduring definition of smartness in SM beyond technical considerations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Information Systems, 2024
Keywords
smart meter technology, defining smartness, information systems, energy, internet of things
National Category
Information Systems, Social aspects
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-211087 (URN)978-1-958200-13-1 (ISBN)
Conference
International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), Bangkok, Thailand, December 15-18, 2024.
Available from: 2025-01-20 Created: 2025-01-20 Last updated: 2025-12-19Bibliographically approved

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