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The idea of policy coherence: closing or widening the implementation gap of sustainability objectives?
Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research, CSPR.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5988-1461
2025 (English)In: Critical Policy Studies, ISSN 1946-0171, E-ISSN 1946-018XArticle in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Sustainable development
Climate Improvements
Abstract [en]

Achieving policy coherence between conflicting objectives of sustainable development has long been on the agendas of policymakers, practitioners and researchers alike. Turning the ideational analysis of policy studies to the focus of policy coherence, and particularly coherence in implementation of potentially conflicting sustainability goals, this paper addresses a conceptual and an empirical research gap. This study departs from the empirical example of domestic aviation in Sweden, a topic which is characterized by diverging ideas of sustainability. The polarized idea of sustainability provides a particularly fruitful base to address how ideas of policy coherence impact process and outcomes; by applying a simplified framework of analysis of observed ideational and implementation incoherence. The study finds that formulated coherence on a national level does contribute to perceived clarity of responsibility and cooperation, but that this legitimizes business as usual around ideas of growth and development. On the other hand, ideas regarding incoherence are closely linked to perceptions of justice and fairness in policy processes and ultimately an understanding of outcomes as illegitimate and unfit for rural realities; contributing to our understanding that despite a shared idea of the need for sustainable development certain sustainability policies may still face backlash.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis , 2025.
Keywords [en]
Policy coherence; Ideational analysis; Policy implementation; Sustainable development
National Category
Political Science (Excluding Peace and Conflict Studies)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-220219DOI: 10.1080/19460171.2025.2599673ISI: 001642460200001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105025362386OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-220219DiVA, id: diva2:2024391
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2018-01706Available from: 2025-12-29 Created: 2025-12-29 Last updated: 2026-02-24
In thesis
1. Policy Coherence in Process and Outcome: Solving Sustainability Goal Conflicts?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Policy Coherence in Process and Outcome: Solving Sustainability Goal Conflicts?
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Samstämmighet i Process och Resultat : Konfliktlösning mellan Hållbarhetsmål?
Abstract [en]

The 2030 Agenda and the Paris Climate Agreement are the result of international negotiations and political compromises. In addition to establishing epoch-making goals, they also set the direction for how these goals should be achieved. Together, the agreements emphasise the importance of stewardship, good governance, and policy coherence in achieving sustainable development. This thesis is inspired by the increased calls for policy coherence to advance implementation of the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement, as progress is hampered by tensions and goal conflicts. Although progress has been made in understanding policy coherence across policy areas, less is known regarding policy actors’ ideas of policy coherence and how they engage with the concept in on-going policy processes. The aim of this thesis is to critically examine the role of policy coherence for solving sustainability goal conflicts. I operationalise this aim through two is research questions: (1) how do policy actors engage with policy coherence? And: (2) to what extent can efforts to achieve policy coherence solve sustainability goal conflicts?

To answer these research questions, I study policy coherence through an interpretivist lens. I examine policy coherence as a process as well as an outcome, and as both ideational and institutional. The thesis consists of four individual papers which explore the multi-level governance dynamics and strategic challenges of implementing the SDGs in the context of goal conflicts. These papers examine how national debates shape policy, how implementation unfolds across national, regional, and local levels, how local governments integrate SDGs into strategic planning, and how goal conflicts are navigated across diverse country contexts in Australia, Colombia, Fiji, and Sweden.

This thesis shows how actors’ ideas of coherence shape what goes onto the political agenda, what is considered a legitimate policy response, and which interventions are prioritised. The results show that efforts to achieve policy coherence can have different impact depending on the nature of the goal conflict and when in the policy process the efforts are undertaken.

Strategic formulations of synergistic and coherent goals do not necessarily result in coherence in implementation. Instead, I show that policy coherence should be considered an active process of reconciling ideas with practical activities related to policy implementation. Clearer mandates and responsibility across administrative levels can mitigate systemic issues of displacing goal conflicts, both spatially and temporally. To conclude, this thesis shows the power of policy actors’ ideas on what is considered coherent, and how these ideas can end up displacing important sustainability goal conflicts, pushing climate priorities off the agenda. Thus, future research should be directed towards how to understand, examine and solve sustainability goal conflicts of the 2030 Agenda – in policy, politics and planning. Further research should also address which efforts to achieve policy coherence are useful under which circumstances, instead of describing policy coherence as a catch-all-term to achieve sustainable development.

Abstract [sv]

Agenda 2030 och Parisavtalet är resultat av internationella förhandlingar och politiska kompromisser. Utöver att etablera epokgörande mål anger de också riktningen för hur dessa mål ska nås. Tillsammans betonar avtalen vikten av förvaltarskap, styrning och politisk samstämmighet för att uppnå hållbar utveckling. Den här avhandlingen utgår från de ökade kraven på samstämmighet för att främja genomförandet av Agenda 2030 och Parisavtalet, dåframstegen fortfarande hämmas av målkonflikter mellan hållbarhetsmålen. Även om stora framsteg har gjorts i förståelsen av samstämmighet mellan politikområden så är det mindre känt hur aktörers idéer om samstämmighet påverkar hur de arbetar i pågående policyprocesser.

Syftet med denna avhandling är att kritiskt granska vilken roll politisk samstämmighet kan spela för att lösa målkonflikter inom hållbarhet. Detta syfte operationaliseras genom tvåforskningsfrågor: (1) hur förhåller sig policyaktörer till samstämmighet? Och (2) i vilken utsträckning kan ansträngningar för att uppnå samstämmighet hantera hållbarhetsrelaterade målkonflikter?

För att besvara dessa forskningsfrågor studerar jag samstämmighet genom ett interpretativistiskt perspektiv. Jag undersöker samstämmighet som både process och som resultat, samt som idébaserad och institutionell. Avhandlingen består av fyra artiklar som utforskar styrning på flera samhällsnivåer och de strategiska utmaningar som följer med implementeringen av de globala målen. Dessa artiklar undersöker hur nationella debatter formar policy, hur implementeringen av Agenda 2030 utspelar sig på nationell, regional och lokal nivå, hur kommuner integrerar de globala målen i strategisk planering, och hur målkonflikter hanteras i olika länder: Australien, Colombia, Fiji och Sverige.

Denna avhandling visar den kraft som aktörers idéer om samstämmighet har gällande vilka frågor som hamnar på policyagendan, vad som anses som en legitim policyintervention och vilka insatser som prioriteras. Resultaten visar att ansträngningar för att uppnå samstämmighet kan ha olika effekt beroende på målkonfliktens karaktär och när i policyprocessen dessa ansträngningar görs. Strategiska formuleringar av synergistiska och samstämmiga mål resulterar inte nödvändigtvis i samstämmighet i genomförandet. I stället visar jag att samstämmighet bör betraktas som en aktiv process för att förena idéer med praktiska aktiviteter i policyimplementering. Tydligare mandat och ansvar över administrativa nivåer kan mildra systemiska problem med att målkonflikter tenderar att skjutas upp eller ignoreras. Sammanfattningsvis visar denna avhandling hur aktörers idéer om samstämmighet kan tränga undan diskussioner om viktiga målkonflikter och därmed flytta klimatprioriteringar i från den politiska agendan. Framtida forskning bör därför skapa ytterligare förståelse kring målkonflikter i Agenda 2030 – inom policy, politik och planering. Framtida forskning bör också undersöka vilka insatser för att uppnå samstämmighet som är effektiva under vilka omständigheter – i stället för att presentera samstämmighet som en samlingsterm för att uppnå hållbar utveckling.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. p. 126
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 937
Keywords
Policy coherence, Sustainability, Ideas, Agenda 2030, Goal conflicts, Samstämmighet, Idé-analys, Hållbar utveckling, Målkonflikter
National Category
Environmental Studies in Social Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-221501 (URN)10.3384/9789181184907 (DOI)9789181184891 (ISBN)9789181184907 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-03-20, Temcas, Temahuset, Campus Valla, Linköping, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2018-01706Swedish Research Council Formas, 2020-00396
Available from: 2026-02-24 Created: 2026-02-24 Last updated: 2026-02-25Bibliographically approved

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Gottenhuber, Sara

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