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Induced Liver Hypertrophy: materials – methods – measurements
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Surgery in Linköping.ORCID iD: 0009-0002-1568-2481
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background

Surgery may be the only chance for curative treatment of liver tumors and ensuring long-term survival. The extent of major liver resection is limited by the volume of liver parenchyma remaining after surgery. When the remaining liver volume is too small, the patient is at risk of posthepatectomy liver failure, which is a highly feared complication after extensive hepatic resection. In attempts to avoid posthepatectomy liver failure, hypertrophy of the future liver remnant can be induced before surgery. The aim of this thesis is to provide new and/or greater insights, along with possible benefits, problems and limitations, of the materials, methods, and measurements used for portal vein embolization and associated techniques for inducing liver hypertrophy.

Methods/materials

The studies reported in Papers I, III and IV were conducted as retrospective, multicenter cohort studies, and the outcomes after portal vein embolization were analyzed. Paper II presents a long-term follow-up survival analysis from a randomized controlled trial.

Results

Paper I: Compared with microparticles, the use of N-butyl-cyanoacrylate as an embolizing material results in a greater degree of hypertrophy and a higher resection rate, as well as lower radiation exposure, a shorter fluoroscopy time, and less contrast used, within the context of portal vein embolization.

Paper II: With a median follow-up time of almost eight years, no significant differences in long-term survival were detected between patients who underwent two-stage hepatectomy and patients who underwent associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy. In a multivariable analysis, the factors influencing long-term survival were extrahepatic disease, an increasing size of the largest liver metastasis, liver tumor-free status at the first follow-up, and a primary rectal tumor.

Paper III: Compared with portal vein embolization characterized by normal P-bilirubin levels, hyperbilirubinemia at the time of portal vein embolization did not result in decreased liver hypertrophy, as measured by absolute and relative growth, degree of hypertrophy, or kinetic growth rate. N-butyl-cyanoacrylate and elevated P-bilirubin levels were associated with increased liver hypertrophy.

Paper IV: Hypertrophy of the future liver remnant, as measured by absolute and relative growth, degree of hypertrophy, or kinetic growth rate, did not significantly differ between groups categorized by the timing of tumor clearance from the future liver remnant in relation to portal vein embolization.

Conclusions

The use of N-butyl-cyanoacrylate as an embolizing material is superior to the use of microparticles within the context of portal vein embolization.

Portal vein embolization is safe and exhibits a high success rate.

Two-stage hepatectomy and associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy yield similar long-term oncological outcomes in patients with advanced colorectal liver metastasis.

Hyperbilirubinemia at the time of portal vein embolization does not impair induced liver hypertrophy.

Similar results of liver hypertrophy are observed after portal vein embolization, regardless of whether the future liver remnant is cleared before the portal vein embolization procedure.

Abstract [sv]

Behandling av levertumörer kan vara en stor klinisk utmaning med hög komplexitet, avancerade behandlingsmetoder, multipla, och ibland parallella behandlingar, samt föra med sig betydande risker för behandlingskomplikationer. För vissa levertumörer är kirurgi den enda möjligheten till bot och långtidsöverlevnad. Sedan de första rapporterade planerade leverkirurgiska fallen i slutet av 1800-talet har leverkirurgin tagit stora kliv framåt. Förståelsen för leverns anatomi och funktion har ökat, möjligheter till narkos och smärtlindring utvidgats och operationstekniska framsteg har lett till att allt större kirurgiska ingrepp blivit möjliga. Idag handlar stora leverkirurgiska operationer i allt större utsträckning om vad som blir kvar efter operationen, snarare än hur mycket av levern som är tekniskt möjlig att operera bort.

För att upprätthålla kroppens behov av en adekvat leverfunktion, och därmed undvika leversvikt efter operation, är det viktigt att tillräckligt mycket levervävnad finns kvar efter kirurgi. Genom att stimulera levertillväxt före ett större leverkirurgiskt ingrepp kan den del av levern som ska vara kvar i kroppen efter operationen (FLR, future liver remnant) växa till och uppnå en tillräcklig volym.

Olika tekniker och material har använts för att stimulera levertillväxt. Den vanligaste tekniken är portavensembolisering (PVE), som kan användas enskilt eller i kombination med andra behandlingar. De ingående studierna i den här avhandlingen har undersökt olika aspekter av inducerad levertillväxt och deras utfall.

Studie I undersökte materialval vid PVE och jämförde N-butylcyanoakrylat (NBCA; lim) med mikropartiklar.

Studie II studerade långtidsöverlevnad efter stimulerad levertillväxt och kirurgi, jämförande de två olika metoderna two-stage hepatectomy (TSH) och associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS).

Studie III undersökte om förhöjt P-bilirubin-värde vid tidpunkten för PVE har någon påverkan på levertillväxt efter PVE.

Studie IV jämförde huruvida invasiv behandling, eller att avstå invasiv behandling, av tumörer i den framtida kvarvarande levervävnaden har någon inverkan på tillväxten av FLR efter PVE.

Studie I, III och IV genomfördes som retrospektiva kohortstudier. Studie II är en analys av långtidsuppföljning från en tidigare randomiserad interventionsstudie.

Resultaten från Studie I visar att NBCA ger god tillväxt, och ur vissa aspekter, bättre tillväxt än mikropartiklar. Behandling med NBCA är snabbare, utsätter patienterna för lägre stråldos och använder en mindre kontrastmängd. Vidare är PVE en säker metod med låg komplikationsfrekvens och hög teknisk framgång vid utförandet.

I Studie II ses en likartad långtidsöverlevnad efter levertillväxt och kirurgisk behandling via metoderna TSH eller ALPPS.

Studie III påvisar att levertillväxten efter PVE inte blir sämre om patienterna i samband med PVE har ett förhöjt P-bilirubin samt att perkutan transhepatisk avlastning av gallvägarna i samband med PVE är möjligt med låg komplikationsfrekvens.

Från resultaten i Studie IV ses att invasiv behandling, eller att avstå från invasiv behandling, av tumörer i FLR före PVE, inte påverkar resultatet av levertillväxt i FLR efter PVE. Detta kan i förlängningen ge patienten möjlighet till färre antal invasiva behandlingar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. , p. 133
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 2008
Keywords [en]
Liver, Hypertrophy, Portal vein embolization, Future liver remnant
National Category
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-220614DOI: 10.3384/9789181182927ISBN: 9789181182910 (print)ISBN: 9789181182927 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-220614DiVA, id: diva2:2029666
Public defence
2026-02-13, Berzeliussalen, Building 463, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-01-19 Created: 2026-01-19 Last updated: 2026-01-19Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Portal vein embolization with N-butyl-cyanoacrylate improves liver hypertrophy compared to microparticles - A Swedish multicenter cohort study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Portal vein embolization with N-butyl-cyanoacrylate improves liver hypertrophy compared to microparticles - A Swedish multicenter cohort study
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2023 (English)In: Heliyon, E-ISSN 2405-8440, Vol. 9, no 11, article id e21210Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: An adequate future liver remnant (FLR) is fundamental for major liver resections. To achieve sufficient FLR, portal vein embolization (PVE) may be used. The most effective material for PVE has yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in FLR growth between n-butyl-cyanoacrylate glue (NBCA) and microparticles.Material/methodsa: retrospective study was performed at three Swedish hepatobiliary centers and included patients who underwent PVE 2013-2021. Electronic medical records were reviewed, and procedure-related data were collected. Data were analyzed with respect to embolizing material.Results: A total of 265 patients were included: 160 in the NBCA group and 105 in the microparticle group. The NBCA group had a higher degree of hypertrophy (12.1 vs. 9.4 % points, p = 0.003) and a higher resection rate (68 vs. 59 %, p = 0.01) than the microparticle group. Procedurerelated data all indicated the superiority of NBCA. No difference in inducing hypertrophy was observed when comparing patients who received chemotherapy before PVE with those who received chemotherapy before and after PVE within the NBCA group. Discussion/conclusion: This retrospective multicenter study supports the superiority of NBCA compared to microparticles in the setting of PVE. Chemotherapy after PVE does not seem to negatively affect hypertrophy.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
CELL PRESS, 2023
Keywords
Portal vein embolization; Liver; Hypertrophy; Glue; NBCA
National Category
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-199559 (URN)10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21210 (DOI)001101252400001 ()37954304 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2023-12-11 Created: 2023-12-11 Last updated: 2026-01-19
2. Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients with Advanced Colorectal Liver Metastasis: A Survival Analysis from the Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial LIGRO
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients with Advanced Colorectal Liver Metastasis: A Survival Analysis from the Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial LIGRO
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2024 (English)In: Annals of Surgery Open, E-ISSN 2691-3593, Vol. 5, no 3, article id e455Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term oncological outcomes of patients with colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) randomized for associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) or 2-stage hepatectomy (TSH).

Introduction: For advanced CRLM, TSH or ALPPS may be needed for tumor freedom. The randomized, controlled, multicenter trial LIGRO showed an increased resection rate in patients who underwent ALPPS but no difference in morbidity or mortality. The 2-year survival analysis revealed better overall survival in the ALPPS group. Here, the long-term survival analysis from the LIGRO trial is reported.

Methods: In the LIGRO trial, 100 patients were randomized to TSH or ALPPS, with the option of rescue ALPPS if insufficient growth was found after the initial step of TSH. Patients were enrolled between June 2014 and August 2016. Follow-up data for this study were collected between November 2022 and February 2023.

Results: In total, 16 patients were alive at the end of the follow-up period. The estimated median follow-up time was 93 months. Estimated median overall survival times were 45 months in the ALPPS group and 27 months in the TSH group (P = 0.057), with 5-year survival rates of 31% and 20%, respectively. Positive prognostic factors were liver tumor-free status at the first follow-up and rectal primary tumor. Negative prognostic factors were extrahepatic disease and increasing CLRM size.

Conclusion: Liver tumor-free status is a predictor of long-term survival, along with extrahepatic disease, large CRLM size, and rectal primary tumor. Survival did not significantly differ between patients treated with ALPPS or TSH.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wolters Kluwer, 2024
National Category
Cancer and Oncology Surgery
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-211896 (URN)10.1097/as9.0000000000000455 (DOI)39310365 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2025-02-26 Created: 2025-02-26 Last updated: 2026-01-19
3. Hyperbilirubinemia does not impair induced liver hypertrophy after portal vein Embolization-a retrospective scandinavian cohort study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hyperbilirubinemia does not impair induced liver hypertrophy after portal vein Embolization-a retrospective scandinavian cohort study
Show others...
2025 (English)In: European Journal of Surgical Oncology, ISSN 0748-7983, E-ISSN 1532-2157, Vol. 51, no 7, article id 109995Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Portal vein embolization (PVE) may be used to induce hypertrophy of the future liver remnant (FLR) before major hepatectomy. The influence of hyperbilirubinemia on FLR hypertrophy after PVE is controversial. The aim of this study was to compare FLR hypertrophy after PVE between patients with and without elevated P-bilirubin. Materials/methods: This is a Scandinavian retrospective cohort study of patients from five hepatobiliary centres. This study included patients who underwent right-sided PVE from 2013 to 2023. Data were collected from electronic medical records. FLR growth was analysed with respect to normal or elevated P-bilirubin. Results: In total, 410 patients were included in this study. Among the total cohort, 105 patients had elevated P-bilirubin levels (>= 26 mu mol/L) at the time of PVE. Elevated P-bilirubin levels were not associated with impaired FLR hypertrophy after PVE, as determined by absolute growth (p < 0.001), relative growth (p = 0.008), degree of hypertrophy (p < 0.001) and kinetic growth rate (p = 0.002). Multivariable analysis revealed that elevated P-bilirubin levels at the time of PVE (p = 0.002) together with the use of N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) as an embolizing material (p = 0.009) were associated with increased FLR hypertrophy. A larger estimated total liver volume was associated with reduced FLR hypertrophy (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In this multicentre, retrospective cohort study, we were unable to show any negative effect of elevated P-bilirubin on FLR hypertrophy at the time of PVE. There is no need for P-bilirubin levels to normalize before PVE. This study supports the ongoing shift towards NBCA as an embolizing material.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2025
National Category
Surgery
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-214181 (URN)10.1016/j.ejso.2025.109995 (DOI)001492386100001 ()40147207 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105001009283 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2025-06-02 Created: 2025-06-02 Last updated: 2026-01-19
4. Comparing hypertrophy of the future liver remnant for two different strategies of portal vein embolization in patients with bilobar colorectal liver metastases - a retrospective European multicentre study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comparing hypertrophy of the future liver remnant for two different strategies of portal vein embolization in patients with bilobar colorectal liver metastases - a retrospective European multicentre study
Show others...
2026 (English)In: HPB, ISSN 1365-182X, E-ISSN 1477-2574, Vol. 28, no 3, p. 342-349Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Portal vein embolization (PVE) is a well-established technique for inducing liver hypertrophy in the future liver remnant (FLR) before major hepatectomy. A frequently used method in bilobar disease is the two-stage hepatectomy (TSH) technique combined with PVE (TSH-PVE). A novel approach is PVE, followed by a one-stage hepatectomy (OSH), combining major hepatectomy with clearing of the FLR (PVE-OSH). This study aimed to compare FLR hypertrophy between these two strategies for induced liver hypertrophy.

Material/methods: Patients with bilobar colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) who underwent PVE from January 2013 to December 2021 were included in this retrospective, multicenter study. Aspects of hypertrophy of the FLR were compared between the groups.

Results: The study included 188 patients, 127 in the PVE-OSH group and 61 in the TSH-PVE group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding FLR hypertrophy measured by absolute and relative growth, degree of hypertrophy or kinetic growth rate. No major complications were reported.

Discussion/conclusion: No differences in FLR hypertrophy were demonstrated between the two different treatment strategies of TSH-PVE or PVE-OSH. This supports PVE-OSH as a feasible treatment option that reduces the surgical burden for patients with advanced, bilobar CRLM disease.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2026
National Category
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-220613 (URN)10.1016/j.hpb.2025.12.006 (DOI)001707337300001 ()41419351 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105025530636 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2026-01-16 Created: 2026-01-16 Last updated: 2026-04-01Bibliographically approved

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