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Environmental Efficiency in Terminal Airspace: Performance Modeling and Arrival Optimization
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Communications and Transport Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2387-626X
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The aviation industry faces the urgent challenge of reconciling projected traffic growth with stringent climate targets, including the European Union’s goal of climate neutrality by 2050. While techno-logical innovations such as sustainable aviation fuels and hydrogen propulsion are critical for long-term decarbonization, their near-term impact remains limited. In this thesis, we address the immediate opportunity of improving the environmental efficiency of aircraft arrival operations in Terminal Manoeuvring Areas (TMAs), where congestion and complex sequencing often lead to excess fuel burn, emissions and noise.

Existing research has demonstrated the benefits of Continuous Descent Operations (CDOs) and structured arrival procedures such as Point Merge (PM). However, for TMA performance evaluations, cur-rent practices are limited in real-world assessments of environmental efficiency beyond Carbon Dioxide (CO2). In terms of optimization of the arrival operations, the exploration of dynamic PM usage and early speed adjustments as a sequencing tool, integrated within the optimization framework, remains relatively unexplored. Furthermore, most optimization frameworks do not fully integrate arrival and departure scheduling in mixed-mode runway environments.

The thesis addresses four key research questions: (1) What are the environmental benefits of using fuel-efficient CDOs within TMA and how to quantify them? (2) How to evaluate the arrival aircraft performance within TMAs implementing PM procedures? (3) Can the performance of current operations in a TMA where PM is implemented be improved by using optimization? (4) How can speed adjustment during cruise and descent be used, with or without combining it with PM procedures, to safely separate and sequence arriving flights? The overarching aim is to develop methodologies for assessing and optimizing arrival operations to reduce fuel consumption, emissions and noise while maintaining safety and capacity.

The research combines data-driven performance evaluation with mathematical optimization. We use real-world Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) trajectory data from the OpenSky Network, together with meteorological data from ECMWF ERA5 and the performance modeling capabilities of EUROCONTROL BADA, to quantify inefficiencies in current operations. For optimization, we develop a Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP)-based framework to assign conflict-free, fuel-efficient arrival routes and descent profiles, incorporating wake turbulence separation and runway scheduling constraints. We perform case studies at Dublin and Oslo-Gardermoen airports, both operating with PM procedures.

Empirical analysis reveals substantial inefficiencies in current TMA operations, with level-flight segments contributing significantly to excess fuel burn. Our studies show that CDOs reduce fuel consumption and noise exposure, although Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions may increase under idle-thrust conditions. Optimization results demonstrate that dynamic PM usage and early speed adjustments improve horizontal and vertical efficiency, reduce time in TMA and decrease fuel burn compared to actual operations.

Operational improvements in arrival management can deliver immediate environmental benefits, complementing long-term technological solutions. The proposed frameworks support SESAR and NextGen objectives for greener TMAs and are adaptable to future contexts, including Urban Air Mobility (UAM). By integrating rigorous performance evaluation with advanced optimization, this thesis provides actionable insights for reducing aviation’s environmental footprint while enhancing predictability.

Abstract [sv]

Flygindustrin står inför den akuta utmaningen att förena prognostiserad trafikökning med strikta klimatmål, inklusive EU:s ambition om klimatneutralitet till år 2050. Även om tekniska innovationer såsom hållbara flygbränslen och vätgasdrift är avgörande för långsiktig avkarbonisering, är deras kortsiktiga effekt begränsad. Denna avhandling adresserar den omedelbara möjligheten att förbättra den miljömässiga effektiviteten bland ankommande flygplan inom terminalområden (TMA), där trängsel och komplex sekvensering ofta leder till ökad bränsleförbrukning, utsläpp och buller.

Tidigare forskning har visat fördelarna med Continuous Descent Operations (CDOs) och strukturerade ankomstprocedurer såsom Point Merge (PM). För utvärdering av TMA-prestanda är dock nuvarande metoder begränsade när det gäller studier av miljöeffektivitet bortom koldioxid (CO2). Vid optimering av ankomstoperationer ¨ar användningen av dynamisk PM och tidiga hastighetsjusteringar som sekvenseringsverktyg, integrerade i optimeringsramverket, relativt outforskat. Dessutom saknar de flesta optimeringsramverk en fullständig integrering av ankomst- och avgångsschemaläggning i miljöer med blandad bananvändning.

Avhandlingen behandlar fyra centrala forskningsfrågor: (1) Vilka är de miljömässiga fördelarna med bränsleeffektiva CDO:er inom TMA och hur kan de kvantifieras? (2) Hur kan prestandan för ankommande flygplan i TMA med PM-procedurer utvärderas? (3) Kan prestandan för nuvarande operationer i ett TMA med PM förbättras genom optimering? (4) Hur kan hastighetsjustering under marsch och sjunk användas, med eller utan kombination med PM, för att säkert separera och sekvensera ankommande flyg? Det övergripande målet är att utveckla metoder för användning till att utvärdera och optimera ankomstoperationer, för att minska bränsleförbrukning, utsläpp och buller, samtidigt som säkerhet och kapacitet bibehålls.

Forskningen kombinerar datadriven prestandautvärdering med matematisk optimering. Vi använder verkliga ADS-B-flygdata från OpenSky Network, meteorologiska data från ECMWF ERA5 samt EUROCONTROL:s BADA-modell för att kvantifiera ineffektivitet i nuvarande operationer. För optimering utvecklar vi ett Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP)-baserat ramverk för att tilldela konfliktfria, bränsleeffektiva inflygningsvägar och sjunkprofiler, med hänsyn till separation på grund av turbulens från vingspetsvirvlar och begränsningar i banschemaläggning. Fallstudier genomförs vid Dublin och Oslo-Gardermoen, båda med PM-procedurer.

Empiriska analyser visar betydande ineffektivitet i nuvarande TMA-operationer, där planflygsegment bidrar avsevärt till ökad bränsleförbrukning. Våra studier visar att CDO:er minskar bränsleförbrukning och bullerexponering, även om utsläpp av kolmonoxid (CO) och kolväten (HC) kan öka vid motortomgång. Optimeringsresultaten visar att dynamisk PM-användning och tidiga hastighetsjusteringar förbättrar både horisontell och vertikal effektivitet, minskar tid i TMA och reducerar bränsleförbrukning jämfört med faktiska operationer.

Operativa förbättringar i ankomsthantering kan ge omedelbara miljöfördelar och komplettera långsiktiga tekniska lösningar. De föreslagna ramverken stödjer SESAR- och NextGen-målen för grönare TMA och är anpassningsbara till framtida kontexter, inklusive Urban Air Mobility (UAM). Genom att integrera rigorös prestandautvärdering med avancerad optimering ger denna avhandling handlingsbara insikter för att minska flygets miljöpåverkan och samtidigt förbättra förutsägbarheten.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. , p. 85
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2500
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-220717DOI: 10.3384/9789181184082ISBN: 9789181184075 (print)ISBN: 9789181184082 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-220717DiVA, id: diva2:2032099
Public defence
2026-03-03, K3, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding Agencies: Transportstyrelsen; Trafikverket.

Available from: 2026-01-26 Created: 2026-01-26 Last updated: 2026-01-26Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Towards a Comprehensive Characterization of the Arrival Operations in the Terminal Area
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards a Comprehensive Characterization of the Arrival Operations in the Terminal Area
Show others...
2021 (English)In: 11th SESAR Innovation Days, SESAR Joint Undertaking , 2021, article id 2021-101Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper aims at providing initial elements for a comprehensive characterisation of the arrival operations in the terminal area. It brings together different metrics, existing and new ones, and illustrates their application on three European airports operating with different metering and sequencing techniques (Dublin, Stockholm-Arlanda and Vienna). Precisely, the characterisation relies on three main flight efficiency metrics— horizontal and vertical deviations, and additional fuel burn—in relation to a metric capturing the entry conditions in the terminal area—the metering effort. The analysis is made on a selection of peak periods from 2019 with more than 5,000 flights in total, and relies on the data from the OpenSky Network. The evaluation results uncover varied situations among the three airports. The median horizontal and vertical deviations range from 5 to 25 NM, and from 26590 to 30730 ftminutes, respectively; and the median additional fuel burn from 96 to 176 kg. However, these values cannot be compared without considering the entry conditions to the terminal area. Here, for the peak periods, the metering effort is ranging from 1.2 to 3, reflecting very different entry conditions among the three airports. Further analysis would be required to study in more detail the arrival operations, in particular by considering comparable entry conditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SESAR Joint Undertaking, 2021
Series
SESAR Innovation Days, ISSN 0770-1268
Keywords
Arrival performance; flight efficiency; metering; terminal operations
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-188226 (URN)2-s2.0-85159652503 (Scopus ID)
Conference
11th SESAR Innovation Days (SIDs), Virtual, December 7-9, 2021
Available from: 2022-09-07 Created: 2022-09-07 Last updated: 2026-01-26
2. Evaluation of the Noise Benefits from Performing CDO in TMA Using OpenSky Data
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluation of the Noise Benefits from Performing CDO in TMA Using OpenSky Data
2022 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-195221 (URN)
Conference
10th OpenSky Symposium, Delft, November 10-11, 2022
Available from: 2023-06-16 Created: 2023-06-16 Last updated: 2026-01-26
3. Performance Characterization of Arrival Operations with Point Merge at Oslo Gardermoen Airport
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Performance Characterization of Arrival Operations with Point Merge at Oslo Gardermoen Airport
2023 (English)In: Fifteenth USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar, 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The paper focuses on the performance assessment of the arrival operations in Oslo Gardermoen airport implementing point merge (PM) procedures. We take a data-driven approach based on the open-source ADS-B data, and conduct a detailed performance assessment utilizing a diverse set of performance indicators, including newly developed metrics for better understanding of the PM specifics. The results of the performance evaluation indicate that the PM systems are currently underutilized in Oslo airport, and their increased usage may lead to the improved arrival performance, especially during the peak time periods.

Keywords
Arrival procedures, point merge, performance evaluation, continuous descent operations
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-203052 (URN)
Conference
Fifteenth USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar (ATM 2023), Savannah, Georgia, United States
Available from: 2024-04-25 Created: 2024-04-25 Last updated: 2026-01-26Bibliographically approved
4. Optimizing air traffic management through point merge procedures: Minimizing delays and environmental impact in arrival operations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optimizing air traffic management through point merge procedures: Minimizing delays and environmental impact in arrival operations
2025 (English)In: Journal of Air Transport Management, ISSN 0969-6997, E-ISSN 1873-2089, Vol. 123, article id 102706Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We present an application of a mixed-integer programming (MIP) framework for automatic traffic synchronization, providing safe separation between the arriving traffic within the terminal maneuvering area (TMA) of an airport implementing point merge (PM) procedures. Additionally, the proposed methodology ensures conflict-free operations when departures and arrivals share a common runway. Based on real traffic scenarios for two European airports, we model realistic descent profiles and assume all the arrivals are performing the most fuel-efficient continuous descent operations (CDOs). We compare two scenarios: in the first, the arriving aircraft are strictly forced to adhere to the published arrival route structures, meaning that a turn towards the merge point may not be initiated prior to reaching the point merge system (PMS), while in the second scenario, aircraft may be assigned a shortcut from a published waypoint along the arrival route. We evaluate the resulting arrival flight efficiency and compare it to that of the actual flights, arriving during the hour selected for our optimization, noticing varying benefits for the two airports and whether shortcuts are allowed or not. Given the correct setting for the specific airport, we demonstrate that our approach provides significant benefits, including increased vertical performance as well as reduced time and distance, contributing to lower levels of noise and fuel savings, accompanied by reduced emissions.

 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2025
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-210123 (URN)10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102706 (DOI)001370741200001 ()2-s2.0-85210293694 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Transport Administration, Sweden (Trafikverket)

Available from: 2024-12-02 Created: 2024-12-02 Last updated: 2026-01-26

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Hardell, Henrik

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