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Practical implementation of Toffoli-based qubit rotation
Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7312-8158
Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0009-0000-3744-3663
Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1082-8325
2026 (English)In: Physical Review Applied, E-ISSN 2331-7019, Vol. 25, no 1, article id 014050Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The Toffoli gate is an important universal quantum gate, and will alongside the Clifford gates be available in future fault-tolerant quantum computing hardware. Many quantum algorithms rely on performing arbitrarily small single-qubit rotations for their function, and these rotations may also be used to construct any unitary from a limited (but universal) gate set. How to carry out such rotations is then of significant interest. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a recently proposed single-qubit rotation algorithm using the Clifford plus Toffoli gate set by implementation of a one-shot version on both a real and a simulated quantum computer. We test the algorithm under various simulated noise levels using a per-qubit depolarizing error noise model and examine how the probabilities and process fidelities are affected. We then conduct live runs and find that the results reasonably match the simulated results. We also attempt to model the hardware noise by combining a number of noise models, matching the results to results of the live runs to approximate the hardware noise. Our results suggest that the algorithm will perform well for up to 1%noise under the noise models we chose. We further posit the use of our algorithm as a benchmark for quantum processing units, given that it has a low complexity that is easy to fine-tune in small steps. We provide details for how to do this.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Physical Society (APS) , 2026. Vol. 25, no 1, article id 014050
National Category
Computer Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-220718DOI: 10.1103/29z2-15bmOAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-220718DiVA, id: diva2:2032132
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationAvailable from: 2026-01-26 Created: 2026-01-26 Last updated: 2026-01-26
In thesis
1. Understanding the Speedup of Quantum Computation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Understanding the Speedup of Quantum Computation
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

A quantum computer applies the axioms of quantum mechanics to efficiently run quantum algorithms, thereby performing calculations which, we speculate, would demand exponential time or memory on a classical computer. This thesis focuses on deriving better explanations of, and in the process improving upon, quantum algorithms and models of (a sub-theory of) the quantum mechanical foundations that dictate how quantum computers operate. Our contributions consist of three parts.

First, we construct an efficient Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen(EPR)-complete hidden-variable model of the sub-theory of quantum mechanics given by the stabilizer formalism. Being EPR-complete means every element of physical reality is contained in the model.

Next, we create a single-qubit rotation algorithm using the universal Toffoli gate. Our circuit requires only a logarithmic gate depth (and so a loga-rithmic number of Toffolis), substantially improving on previous algorithms. The circuit admits an efficient construction, that uses a comparison with a constant obtained through a trigonometric expression, and so the gate array can be constructed in polynomial time. We perform quantum state and process tomography on our algorithm when run on both a simulated and a real quantum computer, and analyze the results, attaining good estimates of our algorithm’s performance under various (both simulated and real) noise levels.

Finally, we study Recursive Fourier Sampling (RFS): The quantum algorithm solving RFS is one of the first such appearing to give an advantage over any classical algorithm. By reformulating RFS in terms of which information its oracles write into the phase of the qubits, we show that the quantum algorithm solving RFS relies on the quantum computational resource of phase kickback, strengthening similar arguments made in related work. We show that this algorithm cannot be improved as the calculations carried out by the oracles must be uncomputed, lest random information gets written into the phase.

Abstract [sv]

En kvantdator tillämpar kvantmekanikens axiom för att effektivt köra kvantalgoritmer, vilka utför beräkningar som, enligt rådande hypotes, kräver exponentiella resurser (tid eller minne) på en klassisk dator. Denna avhandling fokuserar på att förbättra vår förståelse, och därmed vår implementation, av kvantalgoritmer och modeller av (en delteori av) de kvantmekaniska grunderna vilka bestämmer hur kvantdatorer fungerar. Våra bidrag består av tre delar.

Först konstruerar vi en effektiv Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen(EPR)-komplett gömd-variabel-modell av del-teorin av kvantmekanik som ges av stabilisatorformalismen. Att vara EPR-komplett innebär att varje verklig storhet inryms i modellen.

Därefter skapar vi en rotations-algoritm för en kvantbit användandes den universella Toffoli-grinden. Vår konstruktion har ett logaritmiskt grinddjup, och därmed som mest ett logaritmiskt antal Toffolis, vilket är en kraftig förbättring jämfört med existerande algoritmer. Kretsen medger en effektiv konstruktion, som nyttjar en jämförelse med en konstant vilken fås genom ett trigonometriskt uttryck, och därmed kan grindnätet konstrueras i polynomiell tid. Vi utför tillstånds- och processtomografi på vår algoritm körandes på en simulerad såväl som en riktig kvantdator, och analyserar resultaten, därvidlag erhållandes goda uppskattningar av vår algoritms prestanda under varierande (båda simulerade och verkliga) brusnivåer.

Slutligen studerar vi Rekursiv Fourier-Sampling (RFS): Kvantalgoritmen som löser RFS är en av de första sådana som verkar ge ett övertag över klassiska algoritmer. Genom att omformulera RFS i termer av den information dess orakel skriver in i kvantbitarnas fas, visar vi att kvantalgoritmen som löser RFS utnyttjar kvantberäkningsresursen känd som fasrekyl, stärkandes liknande argument i relaterade arbeten. Vi visar även att algoritmen inte kan förbättras: Beräkningarna utförda av dess orakel måste göras ogjorda, enär slumpmässig information skrivs in i fasen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. p. 97
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2401
National Category
Computer Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-209418 (URN)10.3384/9789180757447 (DOI)9789180757430 (ISBN)9789180757447 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-12-11, Ada Lovelace, B-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-11-12 Created: 2024-11-12 Last updated: 2026-01-26Bibliographically approved

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