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Volumetrics and proteomics in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Neurosurgery.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4404-5828
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a common and treatable neurological disorder in older adults with ventriculomegaly due to disturbed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. The pathophysiology of iNPH is still incompletely understood, and there is growing evidence that neuroinflammation is partly responsible. Ventricular size is radiologically assessed with linear measures such as the Evans index (EI), but these measures are insensitive to clinically relevant changes in ventricular volume, so postoperative monitoring remains challenging. Shunt treatment is frequently complicated by overdrainage, underdrainage and suspected malfunction.

The overall aim of this thesis was to develop and evaluate a clinically feasible quantitative tool for monitoring shunt treatment and apply it in a clinical cohort of iNPH patients with a special focus on the following: 1. Ventricular volumetry based on 3D quantitative MRI (qMRI). 2. Very early postoperative ventricular change in relation to initial valve setting and in vivo MRI resistance of a modern adjustable shunt valve. 3. Long-term relationships between volumetric change, clinical response and overdrainage 4. Inflammatory and neurodegenerative biomarker profiles in iNPH patients across plasma, lumbar CSF and ventricular CSF.

The LiNPH study, a prospective controlled clinical longitudinal cohort study with a randomized controlled trial component, provided the data for the four papers in this thesis. Paper I was a methodological reliability study (45 qMRI examinations from iNPH patients and controls) comparing manual, automated and reviewed ventricular segmentations. Paper II was a randomized, double-blinded clinical study (n=45) with qMRI volumetry preoperatively and ~36 hours post-operatively that compared Certas Plus shunt valve settings 4 (open shunt) versus 8 (virtually closed) and evaluated the in vivo MRI stability of the valve. Paper III was a prospective cohort study (50 enrolled; follow-up at 3, 12 and 36 months) relating ventricular volumetry to clinical outcomes, valve adjustments and complications. Paper IV utilized CSF and plasma samples collected preoperatively from iNPH patients (n=56) and neurologically healthy controls (n=19) to profile 71 inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and classical neurodegenerative markers, including paired plasma, lumbar CSF and ventricular CSF, via multiplex immunoassays and multivariate modelling.

qMRI-based ventricular volumetry demonstrated excellent intra- and interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.999--1.000), whereas EI failed to reflect several clinically important volume differences. Early after shunting, ventricular volumes decreased significantly in both randomized groups, but the reduction was greater at setting 4 than at setting 8 (mean 16±9 mL vs 5±5 mL), whereas linear measures were equal except for THC (tight high convexity, the amount of CSF in the parasagittal convexity sulci). There were no inadvertent valve adjustments after 156 MRI examinations were performed. Over three years, the mean ventricular volume decreased from 134±35 mL preoperatively to 97±31 mL at 36 months, whereas gait and the iNPH scale improved markedly early and remained improved at the group level. Compared with nonresponders, responders presented greater reductions, and patients with overdrainage symptoms (orthostatic headaches and more) presented greater reductions than asymptomatic patients did. Biomarker analyses revealed a robust iNPH inflammatory profile compared with that of the controls and strong compartment concentration separation.

In conclusion, qMRI-based ventricular volumetry is a sensitive, reliable and clinically feasible method for longitudinal iNPH follow-up, providing clinically valuable information on shunt effects, valve adjustments, suspicion of malfunction and overdrainage risk. The Codman Certas Plus valve is MRI resistant in vivo. There is a clear inflammatory component in iNPH pathophysiology, and there are substantial differences in cytokine and neurodegenerative biomarker concentrations among ventricular CSF, lumbar CSF and plasma, which are relevant to future study designs.

Abstract [sv]

Idiopatisk normaltryckshydrocefalus (iNPH) är en neurologisk sjukdom hos äldre och kan ge gång- och balanssvårigheter, kognitiv svikt och inkontinensbesvär. Vid sjukdomen är hjärnans vätskefyllda hålrum (ventriklar) vidgade och cirkulationen av cerebrospinalvätska (CSF) är störd. Nya studier tyder på att inflammation i nervsystemet kan bidra till sjukdomsutvecklingen. Många patienter förbättras efter shuntoperation där CSF leds bort. Nuvarande röntgenmetoder är bra för diagnos men är för trubbiga för att följa ventrikelstorlek och shuntfunktion postoperativt. De enkla mått som används på datortomografi och magnetresonanstomografi (MRI), t ex Evans index (EI), missar viktiga förändringar. Samtidigt kan shuntbehandling orsaka komplikationer som överdränage av CSF, underfunktion av shunten samt shuntstopp. Ventrikelvolymmätning kan vara ett bättre och känsligare sätt att följa ventriklarnas storleksförändring.

Syftet med denna avhandling var att utveckla och utvärdera en mer exakt och praktiskt användbar metod för att följa shuntbehandling vid iNPH och tillämpa den på patienter. Fokus låg på: 1. automatisk och tillförlitlig mätning av ventrikelvolym med 3D kvantitativ MRI-teknik (qMRI). 2. Tidiga förändringar av ventrikelvolym efter shuntoperation i relation till motståndet på en modern ställbar shuntventil samt dess förmåga att motstå förändringar av motståndet av MRI. 3. Hur ventrikelvolymen förändras i relation till klinisk förbättring, överdränage och förändrat ventilmotstånd under tre års uppföljning av iNPH-patienter. 4. Förekomst av inflammatoriska (cytokiner/kemokiner) och neurodegenerativa proteiner (s k biomarkörer) hos iNPH-patienter jämfört med friska försökspersoner i blod och CSF tagen från ländryggen (L-CSF) samt ventriklarna (V-CSF).

En klinisk studie, LiNPH-studien, genomfördes under tre år och gav upphov till fyra artiklar: Artikel 1 var en metodutvecklingsstudie som jämförde manuell bedömning av ventrikelvolymen med automatiserad och eftergranskad. Artikel 2 var en randomiserad dubbelblind studie med qMRI före och ca 36 timmar efter operation där två motstånd (shunten Certas Plus motstånd 4 (öppen) respektive 8 (virtuellt avstängd)) jämfördes och ventilens MR-stabilitet följdes. Artikel 3 var en prospektiv uppföljningsstudie med kontroller av kliniska tester och ventrikelvolym innan operationen samt vid 3-, 12- och 36 månader efteråt. Artikel 4 analyserade 71 cytokiner/kemokiner samt neurogenerativa biomarkörer hos iNPH-patienter och friska försökspersoner.

qMRI-baserad ventrikelvolym visade mycket hög mätprecision och tydliga skillnader medan EI missade att påvisa dessa. Redan 36 timmar efter shuntoperation sågs en tydlig volymminskning i båda grupperna men större vid motstånd 4 än 8. EI och nästan alla vanligen använda mått var oförändrade. Efter 156 MRI-undersökningar kunde ingen oavsiktlig ventilomställning påvisas. Under tre år minskade ventrikelvolymen tydligt med drygt en fjärdedel samtidigt som iNPH-symtomen förbättrades tydligt, särskilt gång och balans. Patienter som förbättrades på shuntbehandlingen hade oftast större volymsminskning än icke-svarande medan överdränerade patienter hade ännu större volymsminskning. Biomarkörstudien visade tydliga skillnader i proteiners koncentrationer mellan blod, L-CSF samt V-CSF samt mellan patienter och friska försökspersoner. Därtill kunde ett mönster förenligt med neuroinflammation påvisas hos iNPH-patienterna.

Sammanfattningsvis visar avhandlingen att qMRI-baserad ventrikelvolymsmätning är en pålitlig och kliniskt genomförbar metod för långsiktig uppföljning av iNPH-patienter. Metoden kan ge stöd vid bedömning av shunteffekt, ventilmotståndjusteringar, misstänkt shuntstopp och risk för överdränage. Certas Plus-ventilen är motståndskraftig mot MRI i klinisk praxis. Det finns ett tydligt neuroinflammatoriskt inslag vid iNPH:s sjukdomsutveckling och skillnaderna mellan koncentrationer mellan provtagningsställena behöver beaktas i framtida forskningsstudier.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. , p. 159
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 2014
National Category
Neurology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-221083DOI: 10.3384/9789181183351ISBN: 9789181183344 (print)ISBN: 9789181183351 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-221083DiVA, id: diva2:2036602
Public defence
2026-03-06, Berzeliussalen, building 463, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-02-09 Created: 2026-02-09 Last updated: 2026-02-09Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. 3D Quantitative MRI: A Fast and Reliable Method for Ventricular Volumetry
Open this publication in new window or tab >>3D Quantitative MRI: A Fast and Reliable Method for Ventricular Volumetry
2025 (English)In: World Neurosurgery, ISSN 1878-8750, E-ISSN 1878-8769, Vol. 195, article id 123661Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

PURPOSE: Volumetry of cerebral ventricles is a far more mentation methods are time-consuming, resulting in limited use in clinical practice. Quantitative MRI (qMRI) obtains objective measurements of physical tissue properties, enabling automatic segmentation of white and gray matter and intracranial cerebrospinal fluid. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and processing time of both manual and manually corrected automatic ventricular volumetry through the application of 3D qMRI. METHODS: An independent examiner performed manual ventricular volumetry segmentations on 45 3D qMRI acquisitions (15 healthy individuals, 15 idiopathic normal segmented 15 of these acquisitions once. An automatic ventricle segmentation algorithm generated a third set of ventricular segmentations for all 45 data sets. The automatic segmentations were then corrected by both examiners to obtain a fourth set of data. All segmentations were assessed for intra- and interobserver reliability. RESULTS: Intra- and interobserver reliability for all segmentations, manual, corrected, and automatic, was excellent (intra-class correlation coefficient 1.000, 1.000 and 0.999 respectively). Ventricular volumes were on average 42 +/- 18 mL (mean +/- SD) in healthy individuals, 140 +/- 34 mL in iNPH patients, and 113 +/- 35 mL in shunted iNPH patients. CONCLUSIONS: 3D qMRI is a reliable and time-efficient method to obtain relevant volumetric measures of intracranial cerebrospinal fluid spaces for both clinical and research purposes. The corrected automatic segmentations provide a feasible time expenditure for clinicians caring for patients with iNPH.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2025
Keywords
Evan's index; Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus; Neuroimaging; Quantitative MRI; Ventricular volumetry; Volumetry
National Category
Neurology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-212004 (URN)10.1016/j.wneu.2025.123661 (DOI)001422538700001 ()39788420 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85216566609 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2025-03-04 Created: 2025-03-04 Last updated: 2026-02-09
2. A Randomized Double-Blinded Clinical Study of Early Volumetric Changes After Shunt Surgery and MRI-Resistance of the Codman Certas® Plus Shunt Valve
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Randomized Double-Blinded Clinical Study of Early Volumetric Changes After Shunt Surgery and MRI-Resistance of the Codman Certas® Plus Shunt Valve
2025 (English)In: World Neurosurgery, ISSN 1878-8750, E-ISSN 1878-8769, Vol. 202, article id 124424Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

<black square> OBJECTIVE: Linear radiological measures have low sensitivity to detect changes in ventricular volume in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Ventricular volumetry is accurate and sensitive in detecting subtle changes in cerebrospinal fluid volumes. The Codman Certas (R) Plus is an adjustable shunt valve with 8 settings and resistant to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-induced inadvertent adjustments in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate early volumetric changes in ventricles after ventriculoperitoneal shunting in relation to shunt setting and linear measures. We also wanted to evaluate the MRI-resistance of the Codman Certas (R) Plus valve in a clinical setting. <black square> METHODS: Forty-five idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients underwent quantitative MRI, including volumetry before and 36 hours after shunting with Codman Certas (R) Plus valves set to 4 (20 patients) and 8 (25 patients). Valve setting was blinded to patients and examiners and assessed after each MRI. Patients performed in total 156 MRI examinations during 3 years. <black square> RESULTS: There was significant difference in change of ventricular volume between groups 4 and 8 early after surgery. Patients with setting 4 had a ventricular volume reduction of 16 (standard deviation +/- 9) mL while those with setting 8 had a reduction of 5 (standard deviation +/- 5) mL. Constriction of subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid spaces in cerebral high convexity and parafalcine sulci was significantly less in the setting 4 group postoperatively. There were no MRI-induced changes to valve setting after any MRI. <black square> CONCLUSIONS: Ventricular volumetry can detect shunt-induced reduction in ventricle volume early after surgery. The magnitude of reduction is related to shunt valve resistance. The Codman Certas (R) Plus valve is stable against MRI-induced changes in a clinical setting.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2025
Keywords
Codman Certas (R) plus shunt valve; Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus; Quantitative MRI; Radscale; Ventriculoperitoneal shunt; Volumetry; Tight high convexity
National Category
Neurosciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-218769 (URN)10.1016/j.wneu.2025.124424 (DOI)001582421900002 ()40887008 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105016515893 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Linkoping University Hospital Research Fund

Available from: 2025-10-16 Created: 2025-10-16 Last updated: 2026-02-09

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