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Topology-Driven Visual Analysis of Structures in Dynamic Spatial Data
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Media and Information Technology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0632-1545
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis focuses on the visual analysis of spatial structures within complex datasets. The primary goal is to extract meaningful features from such data and establish comparisons between these features to support core visual analysis tasks, such as tracking, comparison, and ensemble analysis, tailored to specific application domains in science and engineering. To reach this goal, the focus is to adapt and extend methods from topological data analysis (TDA) and integrate them in visual exploration environments.

This work addresses data from two different scientific application domains. First functional MRI (fMRI) data, where the aim is to extract subject-specific neural activation regions and track their dynamics over time. A major challenge associated with fMRI analysis is that the data is inherently noisy, as a complicated mixture of multiple sources of noise often pollutes the true signal in an fMRI scan. The second application deals with granular materials, which are collections of discrete particles such as gravel, sand, or powder. These particle sets are described as dynamic spatial graphs representing force networks. These graphs naturally have a multiscale nature, as local particle-level interactions shape global patterns. The main goal is to understand the interplay between the large-scale phenomena in granular materials, such as jamming, mechanical behavior, and dynamics, and these local interactions, which is an active research area.

TDA is a powerful approach for addressing such challenges in datasets and has successfully been applied to many scientific applications. It leverages principles from algebraic topology and computational geometry to extract multiscale features that are robust to noise and have great potential for simplification, abstraction, and summarization of complex data. The core contribution of this work is the development and implementation of TDA and visualization methods within a tailored visual analysis framework to support the domain scientist for explorative analyses of dynamic complex data.

More specifically, the thesis includes a survey of existing topological descriptors for scalar field comparison, establishing a taxonomy of methods and integrating it into an interactive visual literature browser for intuitive exploration. Building on this foundation, novel approaches were developed to extract, represent, and analyze structural and dynamic patterns in the brain activity data and the force networks in granular materials. These methods leverage merge trees, multiscale segmentation, and cycle extraction techniques to reveal relationships across spatial and temporal scales. Furthermore, efficient frameworks for tracking and visualizing dynamic features were designed to support interactive exploration and facilitate domain-specific interpretation.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling fokuserar på visuell analys av rumsliga strukturer inom komplexa datamängder. Det primära målet är att extrahera meningsfulla egenskaper från sådana data och etablera jämförelser mellan dessa egenskaper för att stödja centrala visuella analysuppgifter, såsom spårning, jämförelse och ensembleanalys, skräddarsydda för specifika tillämpningsområden inom vetenskap och teknik. För att nå detta mål ligger fokus på att anpassa och utöka metoder från topologisk dataanalys (TDA) och integrera dem i visuella utforskningsmiljöer.

Detta arbete behandlar data från två olika vetenskapliga tillämpningsområden. För det första funktionell MRI (fMRI) data, där syftet är att extrahera patientspecifika neurala aktiveringsregioner och spåra deras dynamik över tid. En stor utmaning i samband med fMRI-analys är att data är i sig brusiga, eftersom en komplicerad blandning av flera bruskällor ofta förorenar den verkliga signalen i en fMRI-skanning.

Den andra tillämpningen handlar om granulära material, som är samlingar av diskreta partiklar såsom grus, sand eller pulver. Dessa partikelmängder beskrivs som dynamiska rumsliga grafer som representerar kraftnätverk. Dessa grafer har naturligtvis en flerskalig natur, eftersom lokala interaktioner på partikelnivå formar globala mönster. Huvudmålet är att förstå samspelet mellan storskaliga fenomen i granulära material, såsom störningar, mekaniskt beteende och dynamik, och dessa lokala interaktioner, vilket är ett aktivt forskningsområde.

TDA är en kraftfull metod för att hantera sådana utmaningar i datamängder och har framgångsrikt tillämpats i många vetenskapliga tillämpningar. Den utnyttjar principer från algebraisk topologi och beräkningsgeometri för att extrahera fler-skaliga egenskaper som är robusta mot brus och har stor potential för förenkling, abstraktion och sammanfattning av komplexa data.

Det centrala bidraget i detta arbete är utveckling och implementering av TDA och visualiseringsmetoder inom ett skräddarsytt visuellt analysramverk för att stödja domänforskaren för explorativa analyser av dynamiska komplexa data.

Mer specifikt inkluderar avhandlingen en omfattande undersökning av befintliga topologiska deskriptorer för skalär fältjämförelse, etablering av en taxonomi av metoder och integrering av den i en interaktiv visuell litteraturläsare för intuitiv utforskning. Byggande på denna grund utvecklades nya metoder för att extrahera, representera och analysera strukturella och dynamiska mönster i hjärnaktivitetsdata och kraftnätverk i granulära material. Dessa metoder utnyttjar sammanslagningsträd, flerskalig segmentering och cykelextraktionstekniker för att avslöja samband över rumsliga och tidsmässiga skalor. Dessutom utformades effektiva ramverk för att spåra och visualisera dynamiska funktioner för att stödja interaktiv utforskning och underlätta domänspecifik tolkning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. , p. 62
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2508
Keywords [en]
Visual Analysis, Topological Data Analysis, Multiscale
National Category
Computer Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-221249DOI: 10.3384/9789181184723ISBN: 9789181184716 (print)ISBN: 9789181184723 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-221249DiVA, id: diva2:2038791
Public defence
2026-03-13, K2, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding Agencies: Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program (WASP)

Available from: 2026-02-16 Created: 2026-02-16 Last updated: 2026-02-16Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Scalar Field Comparison with Topological Descriptors: Properties and Applications for Scientific Visualization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Scalar Field Comparison with Topological Descriptors: Properties and Applications for Scientific Visualization
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2021 (English)In: Computer graphics forum (Print), ISSN 0167-7055, E-ISSN 1467-8659, Vol. 40, no 3, p. 599-633Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In topological data analysis and visualization, topological descriptors such as persistence diagrams, merge trees, contour trees, Reeb graphs, and Morse–Smale complexes play an essential role in capturing the shape of scalar field data. We present a state-of-the-art report on scalar field comparison using topological descriptors. We provide a taxonomy of existing approaches based on visualization tasks associated with three categories of data: single fields, time-varying fields, and ensembles. These tasks include symmetry detection, periodicity detection, key event/feature detection, feature tracking, clustering, and structure statistics. Our main contributions include the formulation of a set of desirable mathematical and computational properties of comparative measures, and the classification of visualization tasks and applications that are enabled by these measures.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2021
Keywords
scalar fields, scientific visualization, topology, merge tree, contour tree, Morse theory, feature identification, tracking, similarity
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178614 (URN)10.1111/cgf.14331 (DOI)000667924000047 ()2-s2.0-85108873022 (Scopus ID)
Conference
EuroVis 2021
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2018-07085Swedish Research Council, 2019-05487Swedish e‐Science Research Center
Note

Funding: United States Department of Energy (DOE)United States Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-SC0021015]; National Science Foundation (NSF)National Science Foundation (NSF) [IIS-1910733]; Indo-Swedish joint network project [DST/INT/SWD/VR/P-02/2019]; Swedish Research Council (VR)Swedish Research Council [2018-07085]; VR grant [2019-05487]; MHRD, Swarnajayanti Fellowship from the Department of Science and Technology, India [DST/SJF/ETA-02/2015-16]; Mindtree Chair research grant

Available from: 2021-08-24 Created: 2021-08-24 Last updated: 2026-02-16Bibliographically approved
2. Subject-Specific Brain Activity Analysis in fMRI Data Using Merge Trees
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Subject-Specific Brain Activity Analysis in fMRI Data Using Merge Trees
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2022 (English)In: 2022 IEEE WORKSHOP ON TOPOLOGICAL DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION (TOPOINVIS 2022), IEEE , 2022, p. 113-123Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

We present a method for detecting patterns in time-varying functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data based on topological analysis. The oxygenated blood flow measured by fMRI is widely used as an indicator of brain activity. The signal is, however, prone to noise from various sources. Random brain activity, physiological noise, and noise from the scanner can reach a strength comparable to the signal itself. Thus, extracting the underlying signal is a challenging process typically approached by applying statistical methods. The goal of this work is to investigate the possibilities of recovering information from the signal using topological feature vectors directly based on the raw signal without medical domain priors. We utilize merge trees to define a robust feature vector capturing key features within a time step of fMRI data. We demonstrate how such a concise feature vector representation can be utilized for exploring the temporal development of brain activations, connectivity between these activations, and their relation to cognitive tasks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2022
Keywords
fMRI data analysis; data abstraction; temporal data; feature detection; merge tree; computational topology-based techniques
National Category
Signal Processing Computer Sciences Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-191883 (URN)10.1109/TopoInVis57755.2022.00018 (DOI)000913326500012 ()9781665493543 (ISBN)9781665493550 (ISBN)
Conference
IEEE VIS Workshop on Topological Data Analysis and Visualization (TopoInVis), Oklahoma City, OK, oct 17, 2022
Note

Funding Agencies|Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program (WASP) - Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; SeRC (Swedish e-Science Research Center); ELLIIT environment for strategic research in Sweden; Swedish Research Council (VR) [2019-05487]

Available from: 2023-02-23 Created: 2023-02-23 Last updated: 2026-02-16
3. Multi-scale visual analysis of cycle characteristics in spatially-embedded graphs
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multi-scale visual analysis of cycle characteristics in spatially-embedded graphs
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2023 (English)In: VISUAL INFORMATICS, ISSN 2468-502X, Vol. 7, no 3, p. 49-58Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We present a visual analysis environment based on a multi-scale partitioning of a 2d domain into regions bounded by cycles in weighted planar embedded graphs. The work has been inspired by an application in granular materials research, where the question of scale plays a fundamental role in the analysis of material properties. We propose an efficient algorithm to extract the hierarchical cycle structure using persistent homology. The core of the algorithm is a filtration on a dual graph exploiting Alexander's duality. The resulting partitioning is the basis for the derivation of statistical properties that can be explored in a visual environment. We demonstrate the proposed pipeline on a few synthetic and one real-world dataset.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER, 2023
Keywords
Visual data analysis; Planar graph; Force network; Granular materials; Persistence homology; Force loops; Computational geometry
National Category
Computer graphics and computer vision
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-200293 (URN)10.1016/j.visinf.2023.06.005 (DOI)001137930600001 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program (WASP) - Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; SeRC (Swedish e-Science Research Center); ELLIIT environment for strategic research in Sweden; Swedish Research Council (VR) [2019-05487]; Indo-Swedish joint network project [DST/INT/SWD/VR/P-02/2019, 2018-07085]

Available from: 2024-01-22 Created: 2024-01-22 Last updated: 2026-02-16
4. Multi-scale Cycle Tracking in Dynamic Planar Graphs
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multi-scale Cycle Tracking in Dynamic Planar Graphs
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2024 (English)In: 2024 IEEE TOPOLOGICAL DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION, TOPOINVIS, IEEE COMPUTER SOC , 2024, p. 44-54Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper presents a nested tracking framework for analyzing cycles in 2D force networks within granular materials. These materials are composed of interacting particles, whose interactions are described by a force network. Understanding the cycles within these networks at various scales and their evolution under external loads is crucial, as they significantly contribute to the mechanical and kinematic properties of the system. Our approach involves computing a cycle hierarchy by partitioning the 2D domain into segments bounded by cycles in the force network. We can adapt concepts from nested tracking graphs originally developed for merge trees by leveraging the duality between this partitioning and the cycles. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on two force networks derived from experiments with photoelastic disks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE COMPUTER SOC, 2024
Keywords
Tracking cycles; force network; granular materials; persistence homology; force loops; nested tracking
National Category
Computer Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-214479 (URN)10.1109/TopoInVis64104.2024.00009 (DOI)001454374200005 ()2-s2.0-85212876967 (Scopus ID)9798331528447 (ISBN)9798331528454 (ISBN)
Conference
2024 IEEE Topological Data Analysis and Visualization, Saint Pete Beach, FL, oct 13-14, 2024
Note

Funding Agencies|Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program (WASP) - Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; SeRC (Swedish e-Science Research Center); ELLIIT environment for strategic research in Sweden; Swedish Research Council (VR) [201905487, 2023-04806, 2018-07085]

Available from: 2025-06-11 Created: 2025-06-11 Last updated: 2026-02-16

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Rasheed, Farhan

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12345672 of 15
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