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Modular OODA-Based Agents for Scalableand Adaptive AI in System-of-Systems Modelling and Simulation
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Fluid and Mechatronic Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2322-2402
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Fluid and Mechatronic Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0009-0003-6764-0424
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Fluid and Mechatronic Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Saab Aeronautics, Linköping, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1301-7931
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Fluid and Mechatronic Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Saab Aeronautics, Linköping, Sweden.
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2025 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Agent-Based Modelling and Simulation (ABMS) is widely used in System-of-Systems (SoS) studies to represent constituent systems operating in dynamic environments.However, the absence of standardised agent architectures hinders scalability, behaviour trace-ability, and comparative evaluation of emergence, coordination, and operational perfor-mance. This work introduces a modular agent design based on Observe–Orient–Decide–Act(OODA) loops as a framework for SoS simulations, enabling transparent information flow andArtificial Intelligence (AI) integration at the decision layer. A wildfire suppression scenariois used for the study, modelling firefighting crews, aircraft, helicopters, bulldozers, and anincident commander as OODA-driven agents. Results show that OODA-based agents exhibitcoherent and traceable team behaviours, adaptive task switching, and communication-drivencoordination, supporting the study of emergence and interoperability in SoS operations. TheDecision stage is designed for future improvements in the form of learning-based AI and LargeLanguage Models to enhance autonomy and operational fidelity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2025.
Keywords [en]
System of Systems; Agent-Based Modelling and Simulation; OODA loop; Wild- fire Suppression; Collaborative AI
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-221254OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-221254DiVA, id: diva2:2038875
Conference
28th AIDAA International Congress and the 10th CEAS Aerospace Europe Conference.
Available from: 2026-02-16 Created: 2026-02-16 Last updated: 2026-02-26

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Lovaco, JorgeZuber, KarlMunjulury, Raghu ChaitanyaJouannet, ChristopherKrus, Petter

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Lovaco, JorgeZuber, KarlMunjulury, Raghu ChaitanyaJouannet, ChristopherKrus, Petter
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