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Planning Emergency Mass Evacuation in Urban Areas
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Communications and Transport Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5156-6886
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The increasing frequency and severity of natural and man-made disasters have intensified the need for effective emergency evacuation planning, particularly in densely populated urban areas. Mass evacuation involves the rapid movement of populations from hazardous zones to safe shelters, supported by the timely provision of essential relief commodities. However, evacuation operations face significant challenges, including route selection under disrupted infrastructure, shelter allocation, risk-aware decision-making, and the pre-positioning and distribution of humanitarian supplies under uncertainty.

This thesis investigates emergency mass evacuation from an operations management perspective through four interrelated studies. First, it provides a comprehensive analysis of evacuation planning and execution processes, identifying key operational bottlenecks across all evacuation phases. By adopting an interdisciplinary perspective, the study examines how technology-driven solutions—such as artificial intelligence, Industry 4.0 tools, big data analytics, and hybrid digital systems—can enhance coordination, reduce response time, and mitigate casualties. Second, the thesis develops a risk-aware emergency evacuation network design for flood-prone urban areas by explicitly incorporating geographical risk factors. A spatially informed risk assessment framework is proposed, and a Min–Max optimization model is developed to minimize the maximum risk across evacuation operations, including transportation, sheltering, and humanitarian logistics. This approach improves system

resilience by strengthening the most vulnerable components of the evacuation network. Third, the thesis examines inventory pre-positioning under disaster uncertainty and evaluates flexible risk-sharing procurement contracts. The analysis highlights the roles of return permissions and order flexibility in reducing costs while maintaining high service levels during emergencies. Finally, the thesis compares alternative pre-positioning strategies in multi-stage humanitarian logistics networks under different disaster scenarios, considering disaster likelihood, product essentiality, and emergency transportation risk.  

Abstract [sv]

Det växande antalet och allvarlighetsgraden av både naturkatastrofer och människoskapade kriser har ökat behovet av välfungerande nödevakuering, särskilt i tättbefolkade städer. Massutrymningar handlar om att snabbt föra stora grupper från riskområden till säkra platser, där tillgång till viktiga resurser måste säkras omgående. Evakueringar kantas dock av flera svårigheter, såsom att välja säkra rutter när infrastrukturen är störd, fördela trygghetspunkter, fatta riskmedvetna beslut och planera och hantera lagring och distribution av humanitära förnödenheter.

Avhandlingen granskar nödevakuering ur ett operations management-perspektiv genom fyra sammankopplade delar. Via en litteraturstudie, analyseras först planerings- och genomförandeprocesserna för evakuering i sin helhet, med fokus på att identifiera de största flaskhalsarna i varje fas. Via en tvärvetenskaplig lins utforskas hur tekniklösningar som AI, Industri 4.0, big data och hybriddigitala system kan förbättra samordning, korta ledtider och minska skadeutfall. Därefter presenteras en riskmedveten design för evakuering i översvämningsutsatta stadsmiljöer, där geografiska risker beaktas direkt. En rumslig riskbedömningsmodell och en optimeringsmodell tas fram för att minimera den högsta risken vid transporter, inkvartering och logistik, vilket stärker motståndskraften i de svagaste delarna av evakueringssystemet. Den tredje delen undersöker lokalisering av lager vid osäkerhet och utvärderar flexibla riskdelningsavtal för upphandling. Studien visar att möjligheter till retur och flexibel beställning kan sänka kostnaderna och samtidigt hålla servicenivån hög vid nödlägen. Slutligen jämförs olika strategier för lagerhållning av kritiska förnödenheter i flerstegsnätverk för humanitär logistik, där hänsyn tas till sannolikheten för olika katastrofer, produkters nödvändighet och risker vid akut transport

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. , p. 66
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2519
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-222093DOI: 10.3384/9789181185492ISBN: 9789181185485 (print)ISBN: 9789181185492 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-222093DiVA, id: diva2:2047529
Public defence
2026-04-17, K3, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-03-20 Created: 2026-03-20 Last updated: 2026-03-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. The effect of geographic risk factors on disaster mass evacuation strategies: A smart hybrid optimization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The effect of geographic risk factors on disaster mass evacuation strategies: A smart hybrid optimization
2025 (English)In: Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, ISSN 1366-5545, E-ISSN 1878-5794, Vol. 193, article id 103825Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper investigates an urban Emergency Evacuation Network Design (EEND) problem on a large scale when geographical risk in different areas varies. The decisions to make are (i) determining active shelters, (ii) selecting evacuation routes, and (iii) managing the supply of relief commodities from distribution centers to shelters. A region prone to floods and hurricanes is divided into zones, each with a specific vulnerability risk. For each zone, a risk measure is calculated by combining the risk factors -transporting people and relief commodities and the placement of temporary shelters. The objective is to minimize the maximum risk across the network, ensuring a balanced distribution of risk. A combinatorial scenario planning approach is developed to manage the uncertainty in disaster severity and the evacuee numbers. To incorporate varied geographical risks, a smart hybrid optimization approach as a new solution technique is developed, tuned, and validated to solve the EEND problem. The proposed approach uses directed local search structures designed for the EEND problem and an AI-based self-parameter tuning module, enhancing performance. To extract insights, Rennes, France, is considered a case study. The results indicate a reduction in casualties using a min-max formulation compared to traditional sum-risk objectives. Further, a detailed evacuation plan that increases the number of city regions enhances EEND performance. Practical insights suggest minimizing the number of shelters to the essential capacity needed to host all evacuees, as additional shelters may lead to increased evacuation and supply routes, potentially in areas with higher risk.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2025
Keywords
Risk analysis; Scenarios; Stochastic optimization; Urban evacuation; Humanitarian logistics
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-209887 (URN)10.1016/j.tre.2024.103825 (DOI)001348800000001 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Rennes Metropole [N degrees 21C0522]

Available from: 2024-11-19 Created: 2024-11-19 Last updated: 2026-03-20

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