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Navigating uncertain futures: Sensemaking with AI in complex system planning
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Project Innovations and Entrepreneurship. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Technological development is an integral part of human life that both shape and is shaped by society. In today’s volatile society, anticipating and interpreting emerging changes is crucial to face future challenges. The predictive abilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) can support planning in such conditions. Yet AI adoption remains slow in sectors such as energy systems, and urban development, which are characterized by entangled dependencies, critical social services, and multiple involved actors and stakeholders, making planning and management challenging. This thesis addresses key questions about how AI, which relies on historical data, can support future-oriented planning processes in such complex systems. From an innovation management point of view, AI integration is organizationally challenging, shaped by interacting internal and external dynamics – such as tasks, workflows, technical prerequisites, and societal trends – calling for a holistic socio-technical perspective to ensure feasibility and desirability.

This thesis promotes "cooperative intelligence" emphasizing humans’ and AI’s reciprocal dependencies. AI-integration in complex system planning relies on collective sensemaking, especially in the process of constructing meaning of potential futures and identifying possible actions to shape those futures. AI’s predictive ability can guide the navigation of uncertainty and ambiguity in this process and contribute as boundary objects in mediating meaning across domain and organizational boundaries. However, it can also embed historic conditions and introduce new uncertainties. This duality calls for conscious involvement and negotiation among diverse actors.

This thesis sets out to explore how humans together with AI make sense of potential futures in complex system planning building on two empirical studies in the Swedish energy sector. The first study follows the development of an AIprototype to assist planning of energy systems in new city districts. The second study investigates the implementation of an AI-tool to assess impacts of societal trends on the future energy system.

The thesis contributes to existing literature by informing how AI connects temporal dynamics of imagination and action in human-AI cooperation, how it reconfigures cross-boundary collaboration, develops the notion of intelligent boundary objects, and how organizational structures need to evolve. It contributes to innovation management research, detailing how AI-integration shapes prospective sensemaking and strengthens organizational planning capabilities.

Abstract [sv]

Teknologisk utveckling är en integrerad del av mänskligt liv som både formar och formas av samhället. I dagens flyktiga samhälle är det avgörande att kunna förutse och tolka framväxande förändringar för att möta framtida utmaningar. Den prediktiva förmågan hos Artificiell intelligens (AI) kan stödja planering under sådana förhållanden. Ändå går införandet långsamt i sektorer som energisystem och stadsutveckling, vilka kännetecknas av sammanvävda beroenden, kritiska samhällstjänster och många involverade aktörer och intressenter. Detta gör planering och ledning utmanande. Avhandlingen tar upp centrala frågor om hur AI, som bygger på historisk data, kan stödja framtidsorienterade planeringsprocesser i sådana komplexa system. Från ett innovationsledningsperspektiv är AI-integration organisatoriskt utmanande och formas av både interna och externa faktorer – såsom arbetsmoment, organisatoriska arbetsflöden, tekniska förutsättningar och samhällstrender – vilket motiverar ett helhetsperspektiv som inkluderar samspelet mellan sociala och tekniska aspekter i AI-integration för att säkerställa genomförbarhet och önskvärdhet.

Denna avhandling lyfter fram "samverkande intelligens" som betonar människors och AI:s ömsesidiga beroende. AI-integration i planering av komplexa system behöver beakta kollektivt meningsskapande, särskilt i processer för meningsskapande av möjliga framtida scenarion och överväganden av handlingsalternativ för att forma dessa. AI:s prediktiva förmåga kan vägleda navigering genom de osäkra och tvetydiga förhållanden i denna process, och fungera som gränsobjekt för att medla meningsskapande över domän- och organisationsgränser. AI kan dock också bädda in historiska förhållanden och introducera nya osäkerheter. Denna dualitet kräver medvetet engagemang och förhandling mellan olika aktörer.

Avhandlingen syftar till att utforska hur människor, tillsammans med AI, förstår potentiella framtida scenarier i planering av komplexa system med utgångspunkt i två empiriska studier inom den svenska energisektorn. Den första studien följer utvecklingen av en AI-prototyp för att stödja planering av energisystem i nya stadsdelar. Den andra studien studerar implementeringen av ett AI-verktyg som analyserar påverkan av samhällstrender på det framtida energisystemet. Detta empiriska sammanhang ger rika möjligheter att utforska framtidsperspektiv och AI i planering av komplexa system.

Avhandlingen bidrar till befintlig litteratur genom att klargöra hur AI kopplar samman tidsdynamik relaterat till förställningsförmåga och handling i samarbetet mellan människa och AI, hur den omformar gränsöverskridande samarbeten, utvecklar begreppet intelligenta gränsobjekt och diskuterar hur organisationsstrukturer behöver utvecklas. Den bidrar till innovationsledning och hur AI-integration förbättrar meningsskapande av framtiden och stärker organisationers planeringsförmåga.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. , p. 85
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2515
Keywords [en]
Sensemaking, Prospective sensemaking, Human-AI cooperation, Complex systems, Socio-technical systems, Cross-boundary knowledge work, Boundary objects, Intelligent boundary objects
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-223422DOI: 10.3384/9789181185171ISBN: 9789181185164 (print)ISBN: 9789181185171 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-223422DiVA, id: diva2:2056691
Public defence
2026-06-05, ACAS, A Building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:15
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-04-30 Created: 2026-04-30 Last updated: 2026-05-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Prospective Sensemaking in the Front End of Innovation of AI Projects
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Prospective Sensemaking in the Front End of Innovation of AI Projects
2024 (English)In: Research technology management, ISSN 0895-6308, E-ISSN 1930-0166, Vol. 67, no 4, p. 72-83Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Overview: Using artificial intelligence (AI) to help develop new complex systems poses challenges for less tech-savvy organizations and may prolong the front end of innovation phase. Complications arise from diverging understandings of AI functionality and requirements among involved actors and the difficulties of determining the usefulness of AI in such a complex setting. This article explores a cross-industry project that entailed developing a functional prototype of an AI tool for planning (complex) energy systems in new city districts, engaging both system (domain) actors and AI developers. By analyzing prospective collective sensemaking processes in two episodes from the project, we discovered misaligned sensemaking processes between system actors and AI developers. During the project these actors alternated between "seeking" and "disengaging" sensemaking behavior. We highlight how various prototypes supported alignment in sensemaking processes concerning AI and progress in the project. Practitioners can use the managerial implications to better understand sensemaking dynamics in AI projects and implement suitable measures, like education or support at various stages of the project duration, to mitigate the problems that can arise due to misaligned sensemaking processes. PRACTITIONER TAKEAWAYS: Recognize that the diverse actors in AI projects have different sensemaking needs and that gaps in knowledge may exist. Actively monitor for signs of seeking and disengaging among actors, and support behaviors that facilitate prospective collective sensemaking. Use boundary objects to facilitate prospective collective sensemaking, keeping in mind that the level of detail can support actors in different ways.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2024
Keywords
Complex systems; Artificial intelligence; Prospective collective sensemaking; Multi-actor collaboration; Front end of innovation
National Category
Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-206421 (URN)10.1080/08956308.2024.2350407 (DOI)001266334500007 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program - Humanity and Society (WASP-HS) - Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation [2019-0126]

Available from: 2024-08-19 Created: 2024-08-19 Last updated: 2026-04-30

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Särner, Elinor

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