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What should we do with CO₂ from biogas upgrading?
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Environmental Technology and Management. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1563-8851
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Environmental Technology and Management. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6722-3220
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Environmental Technology and Management. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0157-6573
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Environmental Technology and Management. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0731-7460
2023 (English)In: Journal of CO2 Utilization, ISSN 2212-9820, E-ISSN 2212-9839, Vol. 77, p. 102607-102607, article id 102607Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Carbon capture and utilization has been proposed as an essential climate change mitigation strategy, but only a few implemented cases exist. During biomethane production from anaerobic digestion, CO₂ is commonly separated and emitted into the atmosphere, which can be utilized as raw material for various products. This research aims to identify and assess CO₂ utilization alternatives for possible integration with biogas upgrading from anaerobic digestion by developing a soft multi-criteria analysis (MCA). A literature review complemented with stakeholder participation enabled the identification of relevant alternatives and criteria for assessment. Potential alternatives for CO₂ utilization include methane, mineral carbonates, biomass production, fuels, chemicals, pH control, and liquefied CO₂. Results show that although no alternative performs well in all indicators, there is an opportunity for short-term implementation for methane, biomass production, mineral carbonates, liquefied CO₂, and pH control. Moreover, the uncertainty analysis reveals that even though the technologies have a high technological development, more information on critical aspects is still required. The soft MCA provides information to decision-makers, practitioners, and the academic community on learning opportunities of the alternatives and indicators to step from development into implementation. For instance, the method can be used to assess more specific systems with different locations and scales or to direct efforts to ease the implementation of CCU.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023. Vol. 77, p. 102607-102607, article id 102607
Keywords [en]
Biomethane, Carbon Capture and Utilization, Criteria definition, Multi-criteria analysis
National Category
Bioenergy
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-223459DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2023.102607OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-223459DiVA, id: diva2:2057054
Available from: 2026-05-04 Created: 2026-05-04 Last updated: 2026-05-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. CO₂ Utilization from Biomethane Production: Feasibility and Performance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>CO₂ Utilization from Biomethane Production: Feasibility and Performance
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Biomethane production is expected to expand to meet the growing demand for renewable, secure, and locally available energy sources. Among available production technologies, anaerobic digestion (AD) plays a key role by supporting sustainable development through resource recovery, organic waste management, and biofertilizer production. However, carbon management within AD-based systems can be further improved. During biogas upgrading,biogenic CO₂, which accounts for around 30–50% of the biogas composition, is typically separated and emitted to the atmosphere. Integrating CO₂ utilization alternatives could enhance the system and support defossilization by enabling its direct use or conversion into value-added carbon-based products. Despite this potential, knowledge regarding the feasibility and performance of such alternatives remains limited.

This thesis evaluates viable CO₂ utilization alternatives in AD-based biomethane production systems to support decision making, using Sweden as an example. A multi-criteria analysis framework was developed and applied to identify and compare relevant alternatives. Moreover, contextual factors influencing the deployment of CO₂ utilization were examined. In addition, a lifecycle perspective was used to assess the environmental and economic performance of integrating CO₂ utilization alternatives in AD-based biomethane production.

The results indicate that methanation, liquefied CO₂, horticulture, and mineral carbonates are the most viable alternatives in the short term comparedto other chemicals and fuels. Nevertheless, low certainty and diverse factors likesensitivity to impurities, energy requirements, potential regulations, andstandards to meet hinder their implementation.Although CO₂ utilization is technically compatible with AD systems,uncertainties related to plant scale, dispersion, and overall system configuration hinder deployment and complicate cost estimations. Favorable market conditions, improved environmental performance, and resource efficiency act as drivers for implementation, whereas uncertain policy landscape, high costs, pricing, market uncertainty, and infrastructure constraints remain key barriers.

Compared to carbon capture and storage, feasible CO₂ utilization alternatives can potentially reduce the climate impact while also improving performance in other environmental categories. Among the alternatives, methanation significantly improves climate performance by increasing the biomethane yield but requires low-carbon-intensity electricity for hydrogen production. Furthermore, liquefied CO₂ reduces climate impact mainly by replacing fossil-based CO₂ and does not impose a significant economic burden on biomethane plants. However, it requires additional purification and faces market size constraints.

The high concentration of biogenic CO₂ from AD-based biomethane production makes it an attractive resource for utilization. Nevertheless, a systems perspective is essential when assessing its integration. While several utilization alternatives are technically feasible and can potentially improve environmental performance, their implementation depends strongly on technical conditions and broader contextual factors. Clear policy frameworks and targeted market incentives are crucial to accelerate CO₂ utilization deployment.

Abstract [sv]

Produktionen av biometan förväntas öka i takt med den växande efterfrågan på förnybara, säkra och lokalt tillgängliga energikällor. Bland tillgängliga produktionstekniker spelar anaerob nedbrytning (anaerobic digestion, AD) en central roll genom att bidra till hållbar utveckling via resursåtervinning, hantering av organiskt avfall och produktion av biogödsel. Kolförvaltningen inom AD-baserade system kan dock förbättras ytterligare. Vid uppgradering av biogas separeras biogen CO₂, som utgör cirka 30–50 % av biogasenssammansättning, och ventileras vanligtvis ut i atmosfären. Integrering av alternativ för CO₂-användning kan bidra till ökad defossilisering genom direktanvändning eller omvandling till värdefulla koldioxidbaserade produkter. Trots denna potential är kunskapen om genomförbarhet och prestanda för sådana alternativ fortfarande begränsad.

Denna avhandling utvärderar genomförbara alternativ för CO₂-användning i AD-baserade biometansystem för att stödja beslutsfattande, med Sverige som exempel. Ett ramverk för multikriterieanalys utvecklades och tillämpades för att identifiera och jämföra relevanta alternativ. Därutöver analyserades kontextuella faktorer som påverkar implementeringen av CO₂-användning. Ett livscykelperspektiv användes även för att bedöma den miljömässiga och ekonomiska prestandan vid integrering av CO₂-användningsalternativ i AD-baserad biometanproduktion.

Resultaten visar att metanisering, flytande CO₂, hortikulturell användning och mineralisering mineralkarbonater är de mest genomförbara alternativen. Deras implementering kräver dock beaktande av ekonomiska, miljömässiga och sociala dimensioner. Även om alternativen är tekniskt kompatibla med AD-system försvåras implementeringen av osäkerheter kopplade till anläggningsskala, geografisk spridning och övergripande systemkonfiguration,vilket även komplicerar kostnadsuppskattningar. Gynnsamma marknadsförhållanden, förbättrad miljöprestanda och resurseffektivitet fungerar som drivkrafter, medan en osäker politisk kontext, höga kostnader, prisosäkerhet, marknadsosäkerhet och infrastrukturella begränsningar utgör centrala hinder.

Jämfört med koldioxidavskiljning och lagring kan CO₂-användning potentiellt minska klimatpåverkan och samtidigt förbättra prestandan i andra miljöpåverkanskategorier. I jämförelse med övriga alternativ ger metaniseringen betydande förbättring av klimatprestandan genom att öka produktionen av biometan, men kräver el med låg koldioxidintensitet för vätgasproduktion. Flytande CO₂ förbättrar klimatprestandan främst genom att ersätta fossilbaserad CO₂ och innebär generellt inte en betydande ekonomisk belastning förbiometananläggningar. Den kräver dock ytterligare rening och begränsas av marknadsstorlek och kvalitetskrav.

Den höga koncentrationen av biogen CO₂ från AD-baserad biometanproduktion gör den till en attraktiv resurs för användning. Ett systemperspektiv är dock avgörande vid bedömning av dess integration. Även om flera användningsalternativ är tekniskt genomförbara och kan förbättra miljöprestandan, beror deras implementering i hög grad på tekniska förutsättningar och bredare kontextuella faktorer. Tydliga politiska ramverk och riktade marknadsincitament är avgörande för att påskynda utvecklingen av CO₂-användning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. p. 93
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2521
Keywords
Biomethane, Carbon capture and utilization, CO₂ utilization, CO₂ valorization, Bio-CO₂
National Category
Environmental Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-222942 (URN)10.3384/9789181185539 (DOI)9789181185522 (ISBN)9789181185539 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-06-05, ACAS, A-huset, Campus Valla, Linköping, 09:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding: the Kamprad Family Foundation

Available from: 2026-05-07 Created: 2026-05-07 Last updated: 2026-05-08Bibliographically approved

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Cordova, StephanieGustafsson, MarcusEklund, MatsSvensson, Niclas

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