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Visualization of the wrist with photon-counting computed tomography
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3986-9737
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in clinical practice identifying fractures or postoperative complications in the hand and wrist, as well as for verifying adequate bone healing. Radiographic images are usually used in the clinical routine. However, the sensitivity for fracture detection is moderate, and the possibility to assess bone healing is limited. Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly used in clinical practice due to its ability to visualize skeletal structures with high spatial resolution and to provide multiplanar reconstructions.

The latest CT technology employs photon-counting detectors, which enable images with even higher spatial resolution, improved contrast-to-noise ratio, elimination of electronic noise, and access to spectral information.

The overall objective of this thesis was to evaluate image quality of the novel photon-counting CT (PCCT) compared with conventional energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT) for wrist bone imaging, and to explore the ability to visualize bone healing and postoperative bone changes.

Studies I and II were performed using wrist specimens, Study III included patients with scaphoid fractures, and Studies IV and V included patients with wrist prostheses. In Studies I–IV, comparisons were made between PCCT and EID-CT, whereas in Study V only PCCT data were used.

In Study I, we found that PCCT yielded higher image quality, and that the observers preferred PCCT in wrist bone imaging compared with EID-CT. We also showed added value of sharper reconstruction kernels and thinner slice thickness to visualize bone details and structures.

In Study II, PCCT was found to provide superior image quality even at half the radiation dose, both in quantitative measurements and in observer evaluations, compared with EID-CT.

In Study III, focusing on scaphoid fractures, fracture visibility at baseline was rated higher with PCCT than with EID-CT. Confidence in the assessment of fracture healing at follow-up, however, was rated similarly for both systems.

Results from Study IV on metal artifacts demonstrated that no single reconstruction was optimal for bone imaging in the presence of metal wrist prostheses. However, a combination of PCCT polyenergetic images, offering high spatial resolution, and VMI reconstructions, producing less metal artifacts, may be beneficial.

In Study V, PCCT was used to evaluate bone changes after total wrist arthroplasty (TWA) during the first year postoperatively. Bone quality mostly decreased during the follow-up period. However, clear signs of continuous osseointegration were found, even in the presence of periprosthetic osteolysis.

In summary, compared with EID-CT, PCCT offers improved image quality in wrist imaging, increased radiation dose efficiency, and reduced metal artifacts in VMI reconstructions. These improvements allow visualization of bone microstructures, such as subtle fractures and periprosthetic osteolysis, as well as assessment of postoperative changes and osseointegration.

Abstract [sv]

Röntgenundersökningar är viktiga i sjukvården för att upptäcka frakturer och komplikationer som kan uppstå efter handledsoperationer, men också för att säkerställa att läkning sker som förväntat. Oftast tas vanliga röntgenbilder, men metoden i sig gör att frakturer lätt missas och att det är svårt att bedöma frakturläkning. Datortomografi (DT/CT) används alltmer eftersom man då kan se skelettstrukturerna med hög upplösning, dvs. detaljrikedom, och från olika vinklar. Den senaste DT-tekniken är fotonräknande detektor som gör det möjligt att få fram bilder med ännu högre upplösning, med bättre kontrast i bilden och med mindre brus. Dessutom finns spektral information i den data som bilderna baseras på. Det innebär att olika typer av bilder kan tas fram beroende på vilket material eller vävnad man vill se bättre.

Det övergripande målet med denna avhandling var att utvärdera bildkvalitet från den nya fotonräknande DT (PCCT) och jämföra med konventionell DT (EID-CT). Ett ytterligare mål var att undersöka om man kan se frakturläkning och skelettförändringar som kan uppstå efter handledsoperationer.

Studierna I och II utfördes på handledspreparat från avlidna donatorer. I Studie III gjordes undersökningarna på patienter med båtbensfrakturer och Studierna IV och V på patienter som fått en handledsprotes inopererad. I Studierna I–IV jämfördes PCCT med EID-CT, men i Studie V användes bara data från PCCT.

I Studie I visades att PCCT ger en bättre bildkvalitet än EID-CT, och att röntgenläkare föredrog PCCT för att bedöma detaljer i skelettet. Man fann också att bilderna ansågs ha ännu högre kvalitet när de skapades med hårdare filter och tunn snittjocklek.

I Studie II visade resultaten att man får bättre bildkvalitet av PCCT även om dosen från röntgenstrålningen sänks till hälften jämfört med EID-CT. Det gällde både för mätvärden för brus och skärpa som togs i bilderna och för hur röntgenläkarna värderade bildkvaliteten.

I Studie III visades att färska båtbensfrakturer var lättare att se med PCCT än EID-CT. Däremot var det ingen skillnad i hur säkra röntgenläkarna var att bedöma läkning av frakturerna vid uppföljningsundersökningarna.

Studie IV handlade om störningar i bilderna som uppkommer när patienten har en protes av metall inopererad. Resultaten visade att man kan behöva flera olika typer av bilder beroende på vad som ska bedömas. Dels bilder med hög upplösning där man ser skelettdetaljer bra, och dels bilder där man använder den spektrala informationen för att ta fram så kallade virtuella monoenergetiska bilder (VMI) där störningarna från den inopererade metallen blir mindre framträdande.

I Studie V användes PCCT för att värdera skelettförändringar som kan uppstå efter en handledsprotesoperation. Benkvaliteten blev till största delen försämrad under uppföljningsperioden som varade under ett år. Däremot kunde man se tydliga tecken på inläkning av proteserna även i de fall där det fanns områden med benförlust.

Sammanfattningsvis får man bättre bildkvalitet för bedömning av handledsskelettet med PCCT jämfört med EID-CT. Dessutom kan dosen från röntgenstrålningen användas mer effektivt med PCCT och bilder med mindre störningar från inopererad metall kan tas fram. Dessa förbättringar gör att man lättare kan se små detaljer i skelettet såsom tunna frakturlinjer och områden med benförlust. Man kan även undersöka benkvaliteten efter en operation och se tecken på inläkning av handledsproteser.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. , p. 125
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 2011
Keywords [en]
Photon-counting computed tomography, Wrist, Image quality, Fracture, Metal artifacts, Total wrist arthroplasty, Osteolysis, Osseointegration
National Category
Radiology and Medical Imaging
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-223621DOI: 10.3384/9789181183146ISBN: 9789181183139 (print)ISBN: 9789181183146 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-223621DiVA, id: diva2:2057914
Public defence
2026-06-04, Belladonna, Building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 13:00
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-05-06 Created: 2026-05-06 Last updated: 2026-05-06Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Assessment of image quality in photon-counting detector computed tomography of the wrist - An ex vivo study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessment of image quality in photon-counting detector computed tomography of the wrist - An ex vivo study
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2022 (English)In: European Journal of Radiology, ISSN 0720-048X, E-ISSN 1872-7727, Vol. 154, article id 110442Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of reconstruction parameters on image quality in wrist imaging using photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) and to compare the results with images from an energyintegrating detector CT (EID-CT). Methods: Twelve cadaveric wrist specimens were examined using a prototype PCD-CT and a clinical EID-CT using similar radiation dose. Reconstruction parameters were matched between scanners. Also, sharper reconstruction kernels, a larger matrix size, and smaller slice thicknesses were evaluated for PCD-CT. Image noise, contrast-tonoise ratio (CNR) and image sharpness in trabecular structures were quantitatively measured. Image quality with respect to the visibility of cortical and trabecular bone structures was assessed by six radiologists using visual grading methods.Results: Images obtained with PCD-CT had lower noise (42.6 +/- 3.9 HU vs 75.1 +/- 6.3 HU), higher CNR (38.9 +/- 4.5 vs 19.0 +/- 2.4) and higher trabecular sharpness (63.5 +/- 6.0 vs 53.7 +/- 8.5) than those obtained with EID-CT using similar scan and reconstruction parameters (p < 0.001). The image sharpness in trabecular structures was further improved by using sharper kernels, despite higher noise levels. Radiologists had a strong preference for PCD-CT images both in terms of spatial resolution and suitability for bone imaging. Visual grading analysis showed an improved visibility of cortical bone, trabeculae and nutritive canals (p < 0.005).Conclusion: PCD-CT offers improved image quality regarding bone structures in the wrist relative to EID-CT systems, particularly when sharper reconstruction kernels, smaller slice thickness and a larger image matrix size are used.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2022
Keywords
Computed tomography; Wrist; Diagnostic imaging; Image quality enhancement; Bone
National Category
Medical Imaging
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-187292 (URN)10.1016/j.ejrad.2022.110442 (DOI)000835162300007 ()35849959 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|ALF Grants [RO?]

Available from: 2022-08-17 Created: 2022-08-17 Last updated: 2026-05-06
2. Assessment of visibility of bone structures in the wrist using normal and half of the radiation dose with photon-counting detector CT
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessment of visibility of bone structures in the wrist using normal and half of the radiation dose with photon-counting detector CT
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2023 (English)In: European Journal of Radiology, ISSN 0720-048X, E-ISSN 1872-7727, Vol. 159, article id 110662Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: To quantitatively and qualitatively assess the visibility of bone structures in the wrist on photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) images compared to state-of-the-art energy-integrating de-tector CT (EID-CT).Method: Four human cadaveric wrist specimens were scanned with EID-CT and PCD-CT at identical CTDIvolof 12.2 mGy and with 6.1 mGy (half dose PCD-CT). Axial images were reconstructed using the thinnest possible slice thickness, i.e. 0.4 mm on EID-CT and 0.2 mm on PCD-CT, with the largest image matrix size possible using reconstruction kernels optimized for bone (EID-CT: Ur68, PCD-CT: Br92). Quantitative evaluation was performed to determine contrast-noise ratio (CNR) of bone/ fat, cortical and trabecular sharpness. An observer study using visual grading characteristics (VGC) analysis was performed by six observers to assess the visibility of nutrient canals, trabecular architecture, cortical bone and the general image quality.Results: At equal dose, images obtained with PCD-CT had 39 +/- 6 % lower CNR (p = 0.001), 71 +/- 57 % higher trabecular sharpness in the radius (p = 0.02) and 42 +/- 8 % (p < 0.05) sharper cortical edges than those obtained with EID-CT. This was confirmed by VGC analysis showing a superior visibility of nutrient canals, trabeculae and cortical bone area under the curve (AUC) > 0.89) for PCD-CT, even at half dose.Conclusions: Despite a lower CNR and increased noise, the trabecular and cortical sharpness were twofold higher with PCD-CT. Visual grading analysis demonstrated superior visibility of cortical bone, trabeculae, nutrient canals and an overall improved image quality with PCD-CT over EID-CT. At half dose, PCD-CT also yielded superior image quality, both in quantitative measures and as evaluated by radiologists.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, 2023
Keywords
Computed tomography; Musculoskeletal system; Photon-counting detector CT; Image quality
National Category
Medical Imaging
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-191644 (URN)10.1016/j.ejrad.2022.110662 (DOI)000912331500001 ()36565594 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2023-02-07 Created: 2023-02-07 Last updated: 2026-05-06
3. A comparative study of image quality and diagnostic confidence in diagnosis and follow-up of scaphoid fractures using photon-counting detector CT and energy-integrating detector CT
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A comparative study of image quality and diagnostic confidence in diagnosis and follow-up of scaphoid fractures using photon-counting detector CT and energy-integrating detector CT
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2024 (English)In: European Journal of Radiology, ISSN 0720-048X, E-ISSN 1872-7727, Vol. 173, article id 111383Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: Scaphoid fractures in patients and assessment of healing using PCD-CT have, as far as we know, not yet been studied. Therefore, the aim was to compare photon counting detector CT (PCD-CT) with energy integrating detector CT (EID-CT) in terms of fracture visibility and evaluation of fracture healing. Method: Eight patients with scaphoid fracture were examined with EID-CT and PCD-CT within the first week posttrauma, and with additional scans at 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Our clinical protocol for wrist examination with EID-CT was used (CTDIvol 3.1 +/- 0.1 mGy, UHR kernel Ur77). For PCD-CT matched radiation dose, reconstruction kernel Br89. Quantitative analyses of noise, CNR, trabecular and cortical sharpness, and bone volume fraction were conducted. Five radiologists evaluated the images for fracture visibility, fracture gap consolidation and image quality, and rated their confidence in the diagnosis. Results: The trabecular and cortical sharpness were superior in images obtained with PCD-CT compared with EIDCT. A successive reduction in trabecular bone volume fraction during the immobilized periods was found with both systems. Despite higher noise and lower CNR with PCD-CT, radiologists rated the image quality of PCD-CT as superior. The visibility of the fracture line within 1 -week post -trauma was rated higher with PCD-CT as was diagnostic confidence, but the subsequent assessments of fracture gap consolidation during healing process and the confidence in diagnosis were found equivalent between both systems. Conclusion: PCD-CT offers superior visibility of bone microstructure compared with EID-CT. The evaluation of fracture healing and confidence in diagnosis were rated equally with both systems, but the radiologists found primary fracture visibility and overall image quality superior with PCD-CT.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, 2024
Keywords
Photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT); Scaphoid fracture; Bone healing; Wrist; Image quality
National Category
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-203107 (URN)10.1016/j.ejrad.2024.111383 (DOI)001199505500001 ()38377892 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|ALF Grants [RO-965126]

Available from: 2024-04-30 Created: 2024-04-30 Last updated: 2026-05-06
4. Assessment of metal artifacts from titanium wrist prostheses: photon-counting versus energy-integrating detector CT
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessment of metal artifacts from titanium wrist prostheses: photon-counting versus energy-integrating detector CT
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2025 (English)In: European Radiology Experimental, E-ISSN 2509-9280, Vol. 9, no 1, article id 45Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BackgroundWe compared photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) polyenergetic images, PCD-CT virtual monoenergetic images (VMI), and energy-integrating detector computed tomography (EID-CT) polyenergetic images regarding bone visualization and metal artifacts in patients with titanium wrist prostheses. MethodsAfter ethical approval, 15 patients were examined with PCD-CT and EID-CT. Polyenergetic images were reconstructed, as well as 130-keV VMI for PCD-CT. Five radiologists evaluated bone visualization, interpretability at metal-bone interface and metal artifacts using a 7-point ordinal scale. Streak artifacts and artifacts at the bone-metal interface were quantitatively assessed. Differences between image setups were analyzed using Friedman test and one-way ANOVA with post hoc tests. ResultsBone visualization was superior in PCD-CT polyenergetic images (median rating 6, range 3-7) compared with VMI (5, 3-7; p < 0.001) and EID-CT (5, 3-7; p = 0.018). Streak artifacts were more pronounced with PCD-CT polyenergetic images (4, 3-6) compared with EID-CT (5, 4-6; p = 0.003) and PCD-CT VMI (5, 3-7; p = 0.002), with quantitative results showing least streak artifacts in PCD-CT VMI, followed by EID-CT and PCD-CT polyenergetic images (50 +/- 7%, 70 +/- 6%, and 79 +/- 5%, respectively; p < 0.001). Interpretability at bone-metal interface was better with PCD-CT polyenergetic images (5, 2-7; p = 0.045) and EID-CT (5, 3-6; p = 0.018) compared with PCD-CT VMI (4, 2-6), without quantitative differences. ConclusionStreak artifacts from titanium wrist prostheses were reduced using 130-keV PCD-CT VMI, while bone visualization was highest using PCD-CT polyenergetic images. Relevance statementIn patients with wrist implants, photon-counting detector CT allows for effective metal artifact reduction using virtual monoenergetic images and improved bone visualization using polyenergetic images. As polyenergetic images and VMI have different advantages, access to both image setups may benefit diagnostic evaluation. Key Points Virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) presented a substantial reduction of metal streak artifacts. Polyenergetic images exhibited better image quality for bone imaging compared with VMI. A combination of image reconstructions should be preferred depending on the diagnostic task.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SPRINGER WIEN, 2025
Keywords
Arthroplasty; Artifacts; Titanium; Tomography (x-ray computed); Wrist joint
National Category
Medical Imaging
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-213568 (URN)10.1186/s41747-025-00587-w (DOI)001480177400002 ()40310571 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105003963602 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Region Ostergotland, Sweden; ALF Grants [RO-965126]; Linkoeping University

Available from: 2025-05-14 Created: 2025-05-14 Last updated: 2026-05-06

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