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Exploring the glycosylation of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase: A biomarker in bone and mineral disorders
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Chemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2688-3134
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP), mainly from bone and liver, is a serum biomarker of skeletal disease. Although the bone and liver TNALP isoforms share an identical protein structure, differences in their post-translational glycosylation alter protein structure and function, adding complexity to TNALP as a biomarker.

Osteoblasts produce four bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) isoforms, essential for normal bone and mineral metabolism. TNALP activity is reduced in the genetic disorder hypophosphatasia (HPP), whereas unexplained elevations occur in benign transient hyperphosphatasemia (BTH). In chronic kidney disease, elevated BALP levels may provide prognostic insight into bone turnover and cardiovascular disease. However, limited understanding of TNALP glycosylation and insufficient differentiation between liver ALP and BALP underscore the need for more sensitive and specific clinical assays.

The aim of this thesis is to characterize TNALP glycosylation and evaluate its influence on BALP as a biomarker. Structural differences in glycosylation patterns across cell types and TNALP isoforms were examined with novel structural methods and established BALP detection techniques.

Paper 1 applies glycoproteomics to define glycan structures and site occupancy in human TNALP. Paper 2 investigates the functional role of N-glycan sites in enzymatic activity, folding, and stability of TNALP, using site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations. Paper 3 expands the glycoproteomic profile with HPLC, gel electrophoresis, and analyses of TNALP expressed in multiple cell types, asfotase alfa (recombinant ALP for HPP treatment), the B2 BALP isoform, and TNALP in an overexpression mouse model. Paper 4 examines BALP status, TNALP isoform profile and glycosylation patterns in children with BTH.

The findings indicate that TNALP has five fully glycosylated sites with high heterogeneity in glycosylation, core fucosylation and sialylation between sites and cell sources. Glycan interactions with the protein are essential for normal folding and function. Increasing evidence in terminal sialylation variations might explain the differences between the TNALP isoforms and aid in developing new isoform-specific assays. However, more studies are needed to confirm these structural differences.

Abstract [sv]

Alkaliskt fosfatas (ALP) är en vanlig blodmarkör som används för att bedöma benhälsa. Det mesta av ALP i vårt blod kommer från en form som kallas vävnadsospecifikt alkaliskt fosfatas (TNALP), som huvudsakligen produceras i levern och i benbildande celler. TNALP‑molekylerna från dessa vävnader har samma proteinstruktur, men de är dekorerade med olika sockermolekyler, så kallade glykaner. Dessa glykaner kan påverka funktionen av proteinet och gör ALP till en mer komplex biomarkör.

TNALP‑molekyler från ben, så kallade ben ALP (BALP) isoformer, är avgörande för en normal ben- och mineralomsättning. Förändrade TNALP‑nivåer ses vid flera medicinska tillstånd, såsom hypofosfatasi där TNALP‑aktiviteten är för låg, eller vid kronisk njursjukdom och benign övergående hyperfosfatasemi där nivåerna är för höga. Förhöjda BALP‑nivåer hos patienter med kronisk njursjukdom kan ge viktig information om både benhälsa och risken för hjärt‑kärlsjukdom. Trots detta saknas fortfarande detaljerad kunskap om de glykanstrukturer som dekorerar TNALP och hur denna information kan användas för att säkert skilja mellan ben‑ALP och lever‑ALP i rutinmässiga blodprov. Mer precisa och känsliga metoder behövs.

Syftet med denna avhandling är att, med hjälp av nya strukturella metoder i kombination med etablerade laboratorietekniker, utforska kolhydratstrukturerna och hur de påverkar funktionen och användbarhet av TNALP som biomarkör. I artikel 1 undersöktes glykanstrukturerna vid varje bindingsställe. I artikel 2 undersöktes hur specifika glykanbindingsställen påverkar strukturen och funktionen av TNALP. I artikel 3 jämfördes glykanstrukturen i TNALP från olika mänskliga och mus cellkällor. I artikel 4 studerades BALP‑nivåer och TNALP‑isoformer vid benign övergående hyperfosfatasemi och deras möjliga kopplingar till glykanstrukturer.

Våra resultat visar att TNALP har fem glykanbindningsställen fullt upptagna av många olika typer av glykanstrukturer, och att glykanmönstret varierar beroende på celltyp. Dessa glykaner är avgörande för korrekt proteinveckning och funktion. Det identifierades även nya glykanstrukturer och tecken på att variationer i glykanernas "sockertoppar" kan hjälpa till att skilja TNALP isoformer från varandra. Denna kunskap kan bidra till att utveckla framtida diagnostiska tester som kan skilja ben‑ALP från lever‑ALP. Ytterligare studier behövs för att helt bekräfta dessa strukturella skillnader.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. , p. 86
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 2037
Keywords [en]
Alkaline phosphatase, Bone turnover, Bone and mineral disorders, Glycosylation, Glycoproteomics
National Category
Clinical Laboratory Medicine Biomedical Laboratory Science/Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-223654DOI: 10.3384/9789181185027ISBN: 9789181185010 (print)ISBN: 9789181185027 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-223654DiVA, id: diva2:2058584
Public defence
2026-06-04, Berzelius, building 463, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding: The research in this thesis has been supported with grants from Region Östergötland, The program “Från student till docent” by Region Östergötland, Linköping University, Swedish Cancer Society, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation and Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, grant no: 2023-02974 to Per Magnusson). Resources were provided by the National Supercomputer Center (NSC), funded by Linköping University, and National Academic Infrastructure for Supercomputing in Sweden (NAISS). 

Available from: 2026-05-08 Created: 2026-05-08 Last updated: 2026-05-11Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Glycoproteomic profile of human tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase expressed in osteoblasts
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Glycoproteomic profile of human tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase expressed in osteoblasts
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2024 (English)In: JBMR Plus, E-ISSN 2473-4039, Vol. 8, no 2, article id ziae006Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP) is a glycoprotein expressed by osteoblasts that promotes bone mineralization. TNALP catalyzes the hydrolysis of the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate and ATP to provide inorganic phosphate, thus controlling the inorganic pyrophosphate/inorganic phosphate ratio to enable the growth of hydroxyapatite crystals. N-linked glycosylation of TNALP is essential for protein stability and enzymatic activity and is responsible for the presence of different bone isoforms of TNALP associated with functional and clinical differences. The site-specific glycosylation profiles of TNALP are, however, elusive. TNALP has 5 potential N-glycosylation sites located at the asparagine (N) residues 140, 230, 271, 303, and 430. The objective of this study was to reveal the presence and structure of site-specific glycosylation in TNALP expressed in osteoblasts. Calvarial osteoblasts derived from Alpl+/− expressing SV40 Large T antigen were transfected with soluble epitope-tagged human TNALP. Purified TNALP was analyzed with a lectin microarray, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that all sites (n = 5) were fully occupied predominantly with complex-type N-glycans. High abundance of galactosylated biantennary N-glycans with various degrees of sialylation was observed on all sites, as well as glycans with no terminal galactose and sialic acid. Furthermore, all sites had core fucosylation except site N271. Modelling of TNALP, with the protein structure prediction software ColabFold, showed possible steric hindrance by the adjacent side chain of W270, which could explain the absence of core fucosylation at N271. These novel findings provide evidence for N-linked glycosylation on all 5 sites of TNALP, as well as core fucosylation on 4 out of 5 sites. We anticipate that this new knowledge can aid in the development of functional and clinical assays specific for the TNALP bone isoforms.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oxford University Press, 2024
Keywords
alkaline phosphatase, biomineralization, N-linked glycosylation, glycoprotein, bone formation
National Category
Clinical Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-201385 (URN)10.1093/jbmrpl/ziae006 (DOI)001203141400014 ()38505526 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85193616756 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Cancer SocietyKnut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council; BioMS - Swedish Research Council

Available from: 2024-03-06 Created: 2024-03-06 Last updated: 2026-05-08Bibliographically approved
2. N-linked glycosylation plays an essential role in the stability and function of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase
Open this publication in new window or tab >>N-linked glycosylation plays an essential role in the stability and function of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase
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2026 (English)In: Journal of Biological Chemistry, ISSN 0021-9258, E-ISSN 1083-351X, Vol. 302, no 2, article id 111092Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP) is a membrane-anchored glycoprotein with five N-linked glycosylation sites (N140, N230, N271, N303, N430) that is crucial for bone mineralization. TNALP is released into the bloodstream, serving as a biomarker for bone and mineral disorders. This study explores the role of N-linked glycosylation in the secretion, enzymatic activity, stability, and structure of TNALP. To eliminate the N-linked glycosylation site specifically, a soluble TNALP expression construct was created with the following substitution mutations N140Q, N230Q, N271Q, N303Q and N430D, and expressed in mouse osteoblasts. The effect of glycosylation was also studied by computational modeling (molecular dynamics simulations and the Glyco-SHIELD tool). We observed that substituting glycosylation sites reduced TNALP secretion, particularly in the double-site mutations N140Q/N271Q and N230Q/N271Q, due to increased cellular retention. Mutations comprising site N271 (N271Q, N140Q/N271Q, N271Q/N303Q and N271Q/N430D) significantly impaired the enzymatic activity. The computational modeling indicated that N-glycans can stabilize regions of the protein, including the Ca2+-binding domain. Further, interactions between N-glycans can compensate for specific double-site glycan losses. Protein thermal stability analysis showed that, compared to WT, N271Q/N430D and N303Q/ N430D had increased stability at 56 degrees C. TNALP isoform analysis revealed no differences in isoform patterns for mutations with retained enzymatic activity. The study suggests that N-linked glycosylation, particularly the presence of glycans at N271, is vital for TNALP stability, secretion, and enzymatic function, offering insights into the structural and functional properties of TNALP.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER, 2026
National Category
Structural Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-221100 (URN)10.1016/j.jbc.2025.111092 (DOI)001677495800001 ()41429353 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105027975291 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council-Vetenskapsradet [2023-02974]; Swedish Cancer Society; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Region Ostergotland; Linkoping University; Swedish Research Council [2024-03668, 2022-06725]

Available from: 2026-02-09 Created: 2026-02-09 Last updated: 2026-05-08

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