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Comorbid insomnia in patients with chronic pain: a study based on the Swedish quality registry for pain rehabilitation (SQRP)
Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine.
Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine.
Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine.
2014 (English)In: Disability and Rehabilitation, ISSN 0963-8288, E-ISSN 1464-5165, Vol. 36, no 20, p. 1661-1669Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: This study investigates the prevalence of insomnia and its relationship to other symptoms and health aspects in patients with chronic pain. Methods: Patients with chronic pain conditions (n = 845) referred to a multidisciplinary pain centre completed surveys provided by the Swedish quality registry for pain rehabilitation (SQRP). The SQRP collects data on socio-demographics, health status, symptoms of pain, mood and insomnia and life satisfaction. Results: The majority of patients (65.3%) had clinical insomnia according to the insomnia severity index (ISI). Insomnia correlated significantly but weakly with pain, depression, anxiety and coping; the strongest multivariate correlations were found with depression and anxiety followed by pain interference and pain severity. Pain intensity, depression and anxiety correlated stronger than ISI with respect to the two investigated aspects of health. Conclusions: The prevalence of insomnia is high in patients with chronic pain conditions, but the level of importance in relation to other symptoms for health aspects is low, and the associations with other important symptoms are relatively weak. One way to increase the effects of multimodal rehabilitation programs may be to provide interventions directed specifically at insomnia rather than focusing only on interventions that address pain, depression and anxiety. Implications for Rehabilitation The prevalence of insomnia is high in patients with complex chronic pain conditions. Relatively low correlations existed between insomnia and pain intensity, depression, anxiety and other psychological aspects. Pain intensity, anxiety and depression were more important for perceived health aspects than insomnia. One way to increase the effects of multimodal rehabilitation programs may be to also include interventions directed directly to insomnia.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa Healthcare, 2014. Vol. 36, no 20, p. 1661-1669
Keywords [en]
Anxiety, chronic pain, depression, health, human, insomnia, insomnia severity index
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-104230DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2013.864712ISI: 000343004700001PubMedID: 24320022OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-104230DiVA, id: diva2:695694
Available from: 2014-02-12 Created: 2014-02-12 Last updated: 2021-04-29
In thesis
1. Insomnia Symptoms in Chronic Pain: Clinical presentation, risk and treatment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Insomnia Symptoms in Chronic Pain: Clinical presentation, risk and treatment
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In recent years, chronic and recurrent pain have gained interest as distinct conditions interacting both with peripheral and central parts of the nervous system as well as with the immune system. The risk of getting affected by abnormal pain modulation i.e., chronic pain is not equally distributed in the population and the search for risk factors is therefore of interest. One potential risk factor for chronic pain is insomnia symptoms i.e., difficulties falling asleep or maintaining sleep. In turn, insomnia symptoms are overrepresented in persons with chronic pain. Common current pain treatments lead to limited improvement of insomnia symptoms calling for treatments specifically directed to improve sleep. The overall aim of this thesis is therefore to investigate the distribution of insomnia severity in patients seeking specialized care for chronic pain, to investigate the role of insomnia severity as a risk factor for spreading of pre-existing pain, and to evaluate potential treatments for insomnia symptoms comorbid to chronic pain.

Study I highlighted the high prevalence rates of insomnia symptoms in patients with chronic pain conditions. Roughly, insomnia was six times more common in our sample compared to the general population. We also showed that there were weak connections between insomnia symptoms and other variables (primarily psychological symptoms and pain intensity). In Study II physical exercise was more efficacious than Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-based stress management and the active control group in reducing insomnia symptoms and pain intensity short term. Improvements in physical exercise were largely maintained after twelve months but pain intensity had then also declined in the control group. No improvements in the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-based stress management remain significant when an intention to treat principles were applied. In Study III, a dose-dependent increase in risk for spreading of pain was confirmed in subjects reporting moderate and severe insomnia symptoms. Though, there was no increase in the risk of pain spreading in subjects reporting sub-threshold insomnia symptoms (according to Insomnia Severity Index). In Study IV patients in the Internet-delivered Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for insomnia group, showed a more rapid improvement in insomnia symptoms than patients in the internet-delivered applied relaxation. The effect of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for insomnia had declined slightly after six months and the Applied Relaxation group had continued to improve, leading to a comparable outcome on the Insomnia Severity Index at six-month follow-up.

In conclusion, insomnia symptoms are common in patients seeking specialized pain care. High levels of insomnia symptoms increase the risk of spreading of pre-existing pain and this in a dose-dependent manner. Physical exercise has significant, but not clinically meaningful effects on pain intensity and insomnia symptoms. Internet-delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for insomnia leads to a more rapid reduction of insomnia symptoms compared to applied relaxation, although long-term effects are uncertain 

Abstract [sv]

Under senare år har kronisk och återkommande smärta uppmärksammats som egna tillstånd som interagerar med både perifera och centrala delar av nervsystemet samt immunsystemet. Risken för att bli påverkad av avvikande smärtmodulering dvs långvarig/kronisk smärta är inte jämnt fördelad i befolkningen och forskningen om riskfaktorer är därför av stor vikt. En potentiell riskfaktor för kronisk smärta är insomnisymptom, det vill säga svårigheter att somna på kvällen, eller att upprätthålla sömnen under natten. Insomnisymptom är i sin tur överrepresenterade hos personer med kronisk smärta. Sedvanliga smärtbehandlingar leder endast till begränsade förbättringar av sömnen viket understryker behovet av behandlingar som är inriktade på att förbättra sömnen. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling är därför att undersöka fördelningen av insomnisymptom hos patienter som söker specialiserad vård för kronisk smärta, att undersöka insomnisymptom som riskfaktor för spridning av befintliga smärttillstånd och att utvärdera potentiella behandlingar för sömnproblem hos patienter med kronisk smärta. 

Studie I lyfte fram den höga förekomsten av insomnisymptom hos patienter med kroniska smärta. Insomnisymptom var ungefär sex gånger vanligare i vårt stickprov jämfört med befolkningen i stort. Vi visade också att det fanns relativt svaga samband mellan insomnisymptom och andra variabler (främst psykologiska symtom och smärtintensitet). I studie II var fysisk träning mer effektiv än acceptansbaserad stresshantering och den aktiva kontrollgruppen för att minska insomnisymptom och smärtintensitet på kort sikt. Förbättringarna av fysisk träning kvarstod i stor utsträckning efter tolv månader, men smärtintensiteten hade då också minskat i kontrollgruppen. Inga effekter av den acceptansbaserade stresshanteringen var signifikanta när data från samtliga deltagare togs med i analyserna. I studie III bekräftades ett dos-responsförhållande mellan insomnisymptom och risk för smärtspridning hos personer som skattade måttliga till svåra insomnisymtom. Däremot förelåg det ingen ökad risk för smärtspridning hos patienter som skattade lätt förhöjda nivåer av insomnisymptom. I studie IV uppvisade patienter som fått internetadministrerad kognitiv beteendeterapi för insomni en snabbare förbättring av insomnisymptom jämfört med patienter som fick internetlevererad tillämpad avslappning. Effekten av kognitiv beteendeterapi för insomni hade minskat något efter sex månader och avslappningsgruppen hade fortsatt att förbättras, vilket ledde till likvärdiga resultat vid sexmånadersuppföljningen. 

Sammanfattningsvis är insomnisymptom vanliga hos patienter som söker specialiserad smärtvård. Höga nivåer av insomnisymptom ökar risken för spridning av befintlig smärta och detta på ett dosberoende sätt. Fysisk träning har signifikanta, men inte kliniskt betydelsefulla, effekter på smärtintensitet och insomnisymptom. Internetadministrerad kognitiv beteendeterapi för insomni leder till en snabbare minskning av insomnisymptom jämfört med tillämpad avslappning, även om långtidseffekterna är oklara.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2021. p. 65
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1776
National Category
Other Clinical Medicine Physiotherapy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-175373 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-175373 (DOI)9789179296674 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-06-11, Belladonna, building 511, entrance 76, Campus US, Linköping, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-04-29 Created: 2021-04-29 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved

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Alföldi, PeterGerdle, BjörnWiklund, Tobias

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